Table 2.

Emerging new concepts in endurance training and triathlon to minimise fatigue, illness, and injury.

Factor	Traditional View	Emerging Trends
Psychological	Acute events focus Discipline seen as clinical Minimal athlete education No mental health priority	Integrated model Psychological skills training Mental health
Training	More is better philosophy Rudimentary training monitoring	Event formats dictating preparation Load is not linear Sophisticated training monitoring Integrated periodization approach
Nutrition	Macro- and micronutrient intake are important Female Athlete Triad (low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density)	Timing on intake in relation to training and competition (i.e., periodized sports nutrition) Relative energy deficiency (REDs) New drink formulations and event-specific ingestion
Clinical/medical	Healthcare provider-centered system Treatment focus Paper records	Athlete-centered system Prevention focus Personalized medicine Digital focus
Lifestyle factors, including hygiene, travel, sleep	Competition focus Training load focus Treatment/management focus Team responsibility	Prevention or prophylactic focus Self-responsibility Travel management emphasized Sleep management focus More nuanced scheduling
Coordination	Policy Position statements Guidelines	Translation into practice Implementation
Research	Limited triathlon studies Discipline-specific Scientist-driven	Triathlon-specific Multi-disciplinary teams Coach athlete involvement more clearly defined Increasing technological involvement More sophisticated data analyses