Table 2.
General characteristics and biochemical parameters of subjects.
| Control Group (n = 45) | Diabetes Mellitus (n = 45) | DM + CAD (n = 45) | DM + HF (n = 45) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (F/M) | 23 (51%)/22 (49%) | 23 (51%)/22 (49%) | 20 (44%)/25 (56%) | 20 (44%) /25 (56%) |
| Age (years) | 60.23 ± 6.27 | 61.50 ± 5.08 | 61.61 ± 6.02 | 62.07 ± 5.26 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.33 ± 1.39 a***,b***,c*** | 29.86 ± 3.18 | 29.62 ± 2.63 | 29.21 ± 1.66 |
| DM duration (years) | - | 6.83 ± 2.50 b*,c*** | 7.96 ± 2.73 a*,c* | 10.50 ± 4.17 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.32 ± 5.07 a***, b***, c*** | 83.88 ±6.15 | 84.93 ± 7.41 | 84.09 ± 7.80 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 113.50 ± 6.22 a***, b***, c*** | 136.88 ± 5.85 b* | 130.71 ± 14.95 c*** | 141.36 ± 16.40 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 83.03 ± 9.85 a***,b***,c*** | 210.03 ± 77.69 b*,c*** | 164.89 ± 54.90 c*** | 92.64 ± 4.35 |
| HbA1c | 4.74 ± 0.47 a**,b***,c*** | 10.23 ± 9.67 c* | 7.46 ± 1.42 c*** | 5.63 ± 0.73 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 169.73 ± 13.90 a***,c*** | 231.73 ± 60.36 b***,c* | 186.39 ± 32.88 | 198.36 ± 27.81 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51.03 ± 8.87 b***,c*** | 52.63 ± 14.58 b***,c*** | 41.39 ± 6.75 | 40.07 ± 8.49 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 93.58 ± 11.43 a***,b***,c*** | 143.65 ± 41.33 b**,*c | 116.00 ± 26.57 | 119.55 ± 34.19 |
| Triglyceride | 99.53 ± 16.24 a***,b***,c*** | 196.98 ± 135.86 | 153.39 ± 61.47 | 149.43 ± 46.30 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.82 ± 0.16 c*** | 0.86 ± 0.33 c** | 1.17 ± 0.76 | 1.19 ± 0.49 |
| Uric Acid | 6.08 ± 0.88 | 5.69 ± 1.66 | 6.30 ± 2.31 | 6.50 ± 1.33 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 0.47 ± 0.26 c* | 1.79 ± 5.64 | 1.79 ± 3.19 | 3.33 ± 5.92 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 95.10 ± 24.00 a***,b**,c*** | 111.93 ± 25.23 b**,c*** | 4556.44 ± 6533.47 c* | 8764.71 ± 6863.97 |
| Galectin-3 (ng/mL) | 4.27 ± 1.13 a***,b***,c*** | 5.92 ± 1.48 b***,c*** | 8.50 ± 1.63 c*** | 10.68 ± 2.81 |
DM: diabetes mellitus; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, CAD: coronary artery disease; HF: heart failure; F/M: female/male. BMI: body mass index; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein. a vs. DM, b vs. DM + CAD, c vs. DM + HF. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.