Table 1.
Variables | Definition | Mean | SD 1 |
---|---|---|---|
Pesticide expenditure | Expense on pesticide (Yuan/mu) 2 | 25.750 | 28.700 |
Farm machine use | 1 if a household uses farm machines for pesticides application, 0 otherwise | 0.576 | 0.495 |
Age | Age of household head (year) | 46.790 | 10.320 |
Gender | 1 if household head is male, 0 otherwise | 0.836 | 0.371 |
Education | Schooling year of household head (year) | 6.779 | 2.760 |
Off-farm work | 1 if household head participate in off-farm work, 0 otherwise | 0.712 | 0.453 |
Farming experience | Years of household head farming (year) | 25.44 | 10.54 |
Risk preference | Risk preference score (1–10) 3 | 2.586 | 1.865 |
Household size | Number of people residing in a household | 4.552 | 1.447 |
Credit access | 1 if farmer has access to credit, 0 otherwise | 0.428 | 0.495 |
Transportation condition | 1 if transportation from the village to the train/bus station is convenient, 0 otherwise | 0.753 | 0.432 |
Farm size | Total farm size used to cultivate maize (mu) | 3.514 | 2.956 |
Subsidy | 1 if household receives the agricultural subsidy, 0 otherwise | 0.221 | 0.415 |
Extension contact | 1 if household receives extension service, 0 otherwise | 0.203 | 0.403 |
Extension attitude | Attitude to the extension service provided by local government (1–5) 4 | 2.673 | 1.152 |
Project | 1 if the village executes the environment improvement project, 0 otherwise | 0.807 | 0.395 |
Gansu | 1 if household resides in Gansu, 0 otherwise | 0.327 | 0.469 |
Henan | 1 if household resides in Henan, 0 otherwise | 0.345 | 0.476 |
Shandong | 1 if household resides in Shandong, 0 otherwise | 0.329 | 0.470 |
Note: 1 SD = standard deviation; 2 Yuan is Chinese currency, 1 USD = 6.70 Yuan in 2017; 1 mu = 0.067 hectare; 3 response option for the risk preference was a self-reported score scaling from 1 very risk-averse to 10 very risk-taking; 4 response option for the extension attitude was: 5 very useful, 4 useful, 3 a little useful, 2 useless, and 1 very useless.