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. 2019 May 9;9(5):181. doi: 10.3390/biom9050181

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Antifreeze protein (AFP) mechanisms of the action binding to forming ice crystals around gametes or the embryo, and 3D models of the most used AFPs in reproductive technologies. The 3D models were created using the SWISS-MODEL online platform with the following National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) sequences: AFPI (Pseudopleuronectes americanus; GeneBank ID: AAA49466.1), AFPII (Hemitripterus americanus, GenBank ID: AAA49618.1), AFPIII (Zoarces americanus; GenBank ID: ABA41371.1), and AFGP (Gadus morhua; GenBank ID: AAQ09567.1)