Table 7.

Applications of spectral imaging technique in agriculture.

Class	Product	Application	Method	Wavelength (nm)	Ref.
Fruit	Apple	Bruise detection	Hyper. line scan	400–2500, 1000–2500	[78,180]
	Apple	Bruise detection timing	Hyper. line scan	400–2500	[181]
	Apple	Bruise detection	Multi. area scan	740, 950	[162]
	Apple	Bruise and faeces detection	Multi. line scan	530, 665, 750, 800	[182]
	Apple	Firmness evaluation	Multi. area scan	680, 880, 905, 940	[169]
	Citrus	Canker detection	Multi. area scan	730, 830	[172]
	Peach	Firmness evaluation	Hyper. line scan	500–1000	[183]
	Peach	Maturity evaluation	Multi. area scan	450, 675, 800	[164]
	Cantaloupe	Faeces detection	Hyper. line scan	425–774	[184]
	Blueberry	Firmness evaluation, soluble solid content detection	Hyper. line scan	400–1000	[177,185]
	Strawberry	Maturity evaluation	Hyper. line scan	380–1030 874–1734	[165]
	Cherry	Pit detection	Hyper. line scan	450–1000	[186]
	Grape	Quality evaluation	Hyper. line scan	400–1000	[170]
	Banana	Maturity evaluation	Hyper. area scan	500–700	[168]
	Tomato	Maturity evaluation	Hyper. line scan	396–736	[166]
	Tomato	Maturity evaluation	Multi. area scan	530, 595, 630, 850	[167]
	Cucumber	Chilling injury detection	Hyper. line scan	447–951	[187]
Vegetable	Freeze-dried broccoli	Glucosinolate detection	Hyper. line scan	400–1700	[188]
	Potato	Cooking time prediction	Hyper. line scan	400–1000	[189]
	Onion	Sour skin disease detection	Hyper. area scan	950–1650	[173]
	Mushroom	Bruise detection	Hyper. line scan	400–1000	[163]
Grain	Rice plant	Nitrogen content detection	Hyper. line scan	400–1000	[190,191]
	Thai jasmine rice	Rice variety identification	Multi. area scan	545, 575	[192]
	Wheat	Fungus detection	Hyper. area scan	1000-1600	[193]
	Wheat	Damage detection	Hyper. line scan	1000–2500	[194]
	Peanut	Tomato spot wilt disease detection	Multi. Area scan	475, 560, 668, 717, 840	[195]
	Corn	Oil and oleic acid content detection	Hyper. area scan	950-1700	[196]
	Corn	Aflatoxin detection	Hyper. line scan	400–600	[197]
Meat	Chicken	Skin tumour detection	Hyper. line scan	420–850	[174]
	Chicken	Heart disease detection	Multi. area scan	495, 535, 585, 605	[198]
	Chicken	Faeces detection	Multi. area scan	520, 560	[199]
	Chicken	Wholesomeness inspection	Multi. line scan	580, 620	[200]
	Beef	Tenderness evaluation	Hyper. line scan	400–1000	[201]
	Beef	Microbial spoilage detection	Hyper. line scan	400–1100	[202]
	Lamb	Lamb variety identification	Hyper. line scan	900–1700	[203]
	Pork meat	E. coli detection	Hyper. line scan	470–960	[204]
	Pork meat	Quality inspection	Hyper. line scan	900–1700	[205]
	Fish	Moisture and fat content detection	Hyper. line scan	460–1040	[206]
	Fish	Ridge detection	Hyper. line scan	400–1000	[207]
	Salmon	Microbial spoilage detection	Hyper. line scan	400–1000 880–1720	[208]
	Dehydrated prawn	Moisture content detection	Hyper. line scan	380–1100	[209]
	Prawn	Adulteration detection	Hyper. line scan	380–1030 900–1700	[210]
Dairy	Milk powder	Melamine detection	Hyper. line scan	990–1700	[211]
	Milk	Fat content detection	Hyper. line scan	530–900	[178]
	Milk	Melamine detection	Hyper. point scan	4–98 µm	[212]
Oil	Olive oil	Free acidity, peroxide and moisture content detection	Hyper. line scan	900–1700	[179]
Beverage	Tea	Quality inspection	Hyper. line scan	408–1117	[171]
	Tea	Moisture content detection	Hyper. line scan	874–1734	[213]
	Tea	Tea variety identification	Multi. area scan	580, 680, 800	[214]
Farm and Plantation	Tea bush	Tea variety, growth status and disease identification	Hyper. area scan	325–1075	[175]
	Coffee crop	Detection of disease/infection	Hyper. area scan	440–850	[176]
	Coffee plantation	Monitoring chlorophyll content	Multi. area scan	490–2190	[215]

Note: Hyper. = hyperspectral, multi. = multispectral.