Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by breastfeeding at 12 months (N = 1715).
| Variables N (%) |
Overall | Any Breastfeeding at 12 Months | p a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | Yes | No | ||
| Total | 1715 (100) | 1232 (71.8) | 483 (28.2) | |
| Maternal age (years) | 0.116 | |||
| <25 | 548 (32.0) | 380 (30.9) | 168 (34.8) | |
| >35 | 1167 (68.0) | 852 (69.1) | 315 (65.2) | |
| Occupation | 0.374 | |||
| Currently not working | 535 (31.2) | 392 (31.8) | 143 (29.6) | |
| Currently working | 1180 (68.8) | 840 (68.2) | 340 (70.4) | |
| Education level | <0.001 | |||
| Secondary school or lower | 576 (33.6) | 375 (30.4) | 201 (41.6) | |
| High school | 447 (26.1) | 323 (26.2) | 124 (25.7) | |
| Diploma/university or above | 692 (40.3) | 534 (43.4) | 158 (32.7) | |
| Parity | 0.059 | |||
| 0 | 658 (38.4) | 464 (37.7) | 194 (40.2) | |
| 1 | 638 (37.2) | 448 (36.3) | 190 (39.3) | |
| ≥2 | 419 (24.4) | 320 (26.0) | 99 (20.5) | |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index b | <0.001 | |||
| Overweight: ≥23 | 189 (11.0) | 113 (9.2) | 76 (15.7) | |
| Not overweight: <23 | 1526 (89.0) | 1119 (90.8) | 407 (84.3) | |
| Gestational diabetes c | 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 373 (21.8) | 243 (19.8) | 130 (27.0) | |
| No | 1336 (78.2) | 985 (80.2) | 651 (73.0) | |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 0.281 | |||
| Preterm: <37 | 71 (4.1) | 47 (3.8) | 24 (5.0) | |
| Not preterm: ≥37 | 1644 (95.9) | 1185 (96.2) | 459 (95.0) | |
| Caesarean section | 0.232 | |||
| Yes | 654 (38.1) | 459 (37.3) | 195 (40.4) | |
| No | 1061 (61.9) | 773 (62.7) | 288 (59.6) | |
| Low birth weight (g) | 0.159 | |||
| Yes: <2500 | 64 (3.7) | 41 (3.3) | 23 (4.8) | |
| No: ≥2500 | 1651 (96.3) | 1191 (96.7) | 460 (95.2) | |
| Admission to neonatal intensive care unit | 0.376 | |||
| Yes | 44 (2.6) | 29 (2.3) | 15 (3.1) | |
| No | 1671 (97.4) | 1203 (97.7) | 468 (96.9) | |
a From Chi-square test or Fisher exact test; b Classified for Asian populations according to World Health Organization; c Based on International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria 2010 [49]. Bolded p-values are significant.