Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and procedural profiles.
| Overall Population | PSM Population | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low L1 SMI (n = 141) |
High L1 SMI (n = 334) |
p-Value | S.diff | Low L1 SMI (n = 91) |
High L1 SMI (n = 91) |
p-Value | S.diff | |
| Age (years) | 70.4 ± 11.0 | 64.0 ± 9.2 | <0.001 | −0.65 | 68.7 ± 11.5 | 67.1 ± 8.7 | 0.26 | −0.17 |
| Sex (men) | 100 (70.9) | 230 (68.8) | 0.66 | −0.05 | 66 (72.5) | 65 (71.4) | 0.87 | −0.03 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.6 ± 2.6 | 24.9 ± 2.9 | <0.001 | 1.16 | 22.8 ± 2.3 | 23.0 ± 2.6 | 0.47 | 0.11 |
| Clinical presentation | ||||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 46 (32.6) | 97 (29.0) | 0.44 | −0.09 | 29 (31.8) | 28 (30.7) | 0.87 | −0.03 |
| Unstable angina | 36 (25.5) | 110 (32.9) | 0.11 | 0.20 | 24 (26.3) | 29 (31.8) | 0.42 | 0.15 |
| Stable angina | 48 (34.0) | 115 (34.4) | 0.94 | 0.01 | 30 (32.9) | 29 (31.8) | 0.87 | −0.03 |
| Past medical history | ||||||||
| Previous CAD | 4 (2.8) | 6 (1.7) | 0.49 | −0.26 | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.50 | 0.10 |
| Hypertension | 85 (60.2) | 223 (66.7) | 0.18 | 0.16 | 59 (64.8) | 53 (58.2) | 0.36 | −0.15 |
| Diabetes | 68 (48.2) | 145 (43.4) | 0.34 | −0.11 | 43 (47.2) | 46 (50.5) | 0.66 | 0.07 |
| Dyslipidemia | 18 (12.7) | 65 (19.4) | 0.08 | 0.28 | 14 (15.3) | 15 (16.4) | 0.84 | 0.05 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 12 (8.5) | 28 (8.3) | 0.96 | −0.01 | 9 (9.8) | 5 (5.4) | 0.41 | −0.35 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 29 (20.5) | 51 (15.2) | 0.16 | −0.20 | 20 (21.9) | 16 (17.5) | 0.46 | −0.15 |
| Previous malignancy | 13 (9.2) | 19 (5.6) | 0.16 | −0.29 | 6 (6.5) | 6 (6.5) | >0.99 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 48 (34.0) | 115 (34.4) | 0.94 | 0.01 | 34 (37.3) | 36 (39.5) | 0.76 | 0.05 |
| Frailty (CFS ≥5) | 47 (33.3) | 74 (22.1) | 0.011 | −0.31 | 30 (32.9) | 23 (25.2) | 0.25 | −0.21 |
| Mild to moderate (CFS 5–6) | 35 (24.8) | 70 (20.9) | 21 (23.0) | 22 (24.1) | ||||
| Severe (CFS 7) | 12 (8.5) | 4 (1.1) | 9 (9.8) | 1 (1.0) | ||||
| Laboratory data | ||||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.88 (3.18–4.64) | 4.20 (3.49–5.12) | 0.004 | 0.13 | 3.88 (3.41–4.63) | 4.03 (3.23–4.71) | 0.90 | 0.01 |
| LDLc (mmol/L) | 2.34 (1.77–3.10) | 2.64 (1.99–3.36) | 0.034 | 0.10 | 2.35 (1.89–3.09) | 2.37 (1.77–3.00) | 0.78 | 0.02 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 7.0 (1.0–17.0) | 2.0 (1.0–8.5) | 0.006 | −0.13 | 6.0 (1.0–15.5) | 4.0 (1.0–17.5) | 0.80 | −0.02 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.41 ± 1.47 | 6.56 ± 1.77 | 0.40 | 0.09 | 6.31 ± 1.60 | 6.61 ± 1.79 | 0.24 | 0.18 |
| CrCl (mL/min) | 60.4 ± 29.4 | 79.4 ± 30.6 | <0.001 | 0.63 | 66.1 ± 30.9 | 71.3 ± 27.1 | 0.23 | 0.18 |
| LVEF (%) | 50.6 ± 11.4 | 54.2 ± 9.6 | 0.001 | 0.35 | 51.2 ± 11.3 | 51.6 ± 12.9 | 0.85 | 0.03 |
| CT scan profiles | ||||||||
| Average days from PCI to CT scan | −2.5 ± 11.6 | −3.7 ± 11.8 | 0.30 | −0.10 | −4.0 ± 10.8 | −4.0 ± 10.5 | 0.96 | −0.01 |
| L1 SMA (cm2) | 66.92 ± 15.86 | 96.49 ± 21.84 | <0.001 | 1.46 | 70.18 ± 16.06 | 90.30 ± 17.17 | <0.001 | 1.21 |
| Male | 74.07 ± 12.61 | 107.37 ± 16.22 | <0.001 | 2.18 | 77.60 ± 11.65 | 98.43 ± 11.58 | <0.001 | 1.79 |
| Female | 49.49 ± 6.90 | 72.45 ± 10.45 | <0.001 | 2.45 | 50.60 ± 7.00 | 69.98 ± 10.82 | <0.001 | 2.13 |
| L1 SMI (cm2/m2) | 25.14 ± 4.066 | 36.18 ± 5.864 | <0.001 | 2.05 | 26.03 ± 4.03 | 33.95 ± 4.52 | <0.001 | 1.85 |
| Male | 26.52 ± 3.74 | 38.36 ± 5.24 | <0.001 | 2.39 | 27.49 ± 3.45 | 35.54 ± 3.77 | <0.001 | 2.23 |
| Female | 21.77 ± 2.64 | 31.36 ± 4.02 | <0.001 | 2.60 | 22.19 ± 2.74 | 29.99 ± 3.81 | <0.001 | 2.35 |
| Post-PCI medications | ||||||||
| Aspirin | 127 (90.0) | 309 (92.5) | 0.38 | 0.17 | 82 (90.1) | 81 (89.0) | 0.81 | 0.05 |
| Clopidogrel | 116 (82.2) | 301 (90.1) | 0.017 | 0.37 | 77 (84.6) | 76 (83.5) | 0.84 | −0.05 |
| Beta-blocker | 70 (49.6) | 159 (47.6) | 0.68 | −0.05 | 45 (49.4) | 44 (48.3) | 0.89 | 0.05 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 49 (34.7) | 101 (30.2) | 0.33 | −0.11 | 31 (34.0) | 24 (26.3) | 0.26 | −0.20 |
| ACE-inhibitors and ARBs | 81 (57.4) | 215 (64.3) | 0.16 | 0.16 | 52 (57.1) | 54 (59.3) | 0.76 | 0.05 |
| Statins | 102 (72.3) | 280 (83.8) | 0.004 | 0.38 | 68 (74.7) | 67 (73.6) | 0.87 | −0.03 |
| Procedural profiles | ||||||||
| Number of treated lesions | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 0.17 | −0.14 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 0.89 | −0.02 |
| Number of treated vessels | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.35 | −0.10 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.89 | −0.02 |
| Treated vessels | ||||||||
| Left main | 7 (4.9) | 10 (2.9) | 0.29 | −0.29 | 3 (3.2) | 2 (2.1) | >0.99 | −0.23 |
| LAD | 87 (61.7) | 191 (57.1) | 0.36 | −0.10 | 53 (58.2) | 52 (57.1) | 0.88 | −0.03 |
| LCX | 38 (26.9) | 96 (28.7) | 0.69 | 0.05 | 19 (20.8) | 24 (26.3) | 0.38 | 0.17 |
| RCA | 57 (40.4) | 124 (37.1) | 0.50 | −0.08 | 40 (43.9) | 36 (39.5) | 0.55 | −0.10 |
| Type B2C lesions | 132 (93.6) | 315 (94.3) | 0.77 | 0.07 | 87 (95.6) | 84 (92.3) | 0.54 | −0.33 |
| Multivessel disease | 37 (26.2) | 80 (23.9) | 0.60 | −0.07 | 21 (23.0) | 22 (24.1) | 0.86 | 0.03 |
| Number of inserted stents | 1.77 ± 0.98 | 1.65 ± 0.92 | 0.21 | −0.13 | 1.67 ± 0.91 | 1.65 ± 0.95 | 0.87 | −0.02 |
| Average stent diameter (mm) | 2.91 ± 0.37 | 3.00 ± 0.44 | 0.032 | 0.21 | 2.92 ± 0.39 | 2.96 ± 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.10 |
| Total stent length (mm) | 41.8 ± 26.7 | 39.1 ± 26.7 | 0.32 | −0.10 | 39.8 ± 26.1 | 39.4 ± 25.8 | 0.90 | −0.02 |
| Bare metal stents | 4 (2.8) | 6 (1.7) | 0.49 | −0.26 | 2 (2.1) | 2 (2.1) | >0.99 | <0.001 |
| Drug-eluting stents | 139 (98.5) | 329 (98.5) | 0.95 | −0.03 | 91 (100.0) | 89 (97.8) | 0.50 | 0.10 |
| 1st generation | 29 (20.5) | 64 (19.1) | 0.72 | −0.05 | 19 (20.8) | 16 (17.5) | 0.57 | −0.12 |
| 2nd generation | 110 (78.0) | 265 (79.3) | 0.75 | 0.04 | 72 (79.1) | 73 (80.2) | 0.85 | 0.04 |
Data are expressed as n (%), mean ± standard deviation (SD), or median (interquartile range). ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI = body mass index; CAD = coronary artery disease; CFS = Clinical Frailty Scale; CrCl = creatinine clearance; CT = computed tomography; hs-CRP = high sensitivity C-reactive protein; L1 = first lumbar vertebra; LDLc = low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LAD = left anterior descending artery; LCX = left circumflex artery; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; PSM = propensity score-matched; RCA = right coronary artery; S.diff = standardized difference; SMA = skeletal muscle area; SMI = skeletal muscle index.