Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of variables.
| Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | ||
| Demographic | |||||
| Sex | Male | 1 | |||
| Female | 0.956 (0.553–1.654) | 0.874 | |||
| Age | 0.982 (0.964–1.001) | 0.061 | |||
| Clinical | |||||
| Diabetes | Yes | 1 | |||
| No | 1.313 (0.520–3.317) | 0.564 | |||
| Hypertension | Yes | 1 | |||
| No | 1.335 (0.728–2.449) | 0.350 | |||
| Previous spine surgery | Yes | 1 | |||
| No | 3.822 (1.392–10.489) | 0.009 | 3.496 (0.568–21.528) | 0.177 | |
| Trauma or sprain | Yes | 1 | |||
| No | 0.456 (0.174–1.192) | 0.109 | |||
| Duration of symptoms | Chronic | 1 | 1 | ||
| Subacute | 5.294 (2.299–12.189) | 0.000 | 6.772 (2.034–22.546) | 0.002 | |
| Acute | 9.106 (4.459–18.594) | 0.000 | 7.080 (2.582–19.413) | 0.000 | |
| Low back or buttock pain | Yes | 1 | |||
| No | 0.637 (0.361–1.123) | 0.119 | |||
| Neurogenic claudication | Yes | 1 | |||
| No | 2.265 (1.079–4.751) | 0.031 | 1.462 (0.489–4.289) | 0.489 | |
| SLR test | Full | 1 | |||
| Positive | 2.330 (1.103–4.921) | 0.027 | 1.358 (0.413–4.464) | 0.614 | |
| Motor exam | Normal | 1 | |||
| Abnormal | 2.119 (0.904–4.967) | 0.084 | |||
| Sensory exam | Normal | 1 | |||
| Abnormal | 1.219 (0.583–2.550) | 0.598 | |||
| MRI | |||||
| No. of HNP levels | 1 | 1 | |||
| 2 | 0.709 (0.315–1.595) | 0.406 | |||
| >2 | 0.492 (0.233–1.042) | 0.064 | |||
| Root compression or contact. | Yes | 1 | |||
| No | 0.709 (0.347–1.452) | 0.347 | |||
| Foraminal stenosis | Yes | 1 | |||
| No | 0.731 (0.406–1.139) | 0.298 | |||
| Central canalStenosis | Yes | 1 | |||
| No | 2.237 (1.221–4.096) | 0.009 | 2.291 (0.908–5.780) | 0.079 | |
| EDx | |||||
| EDx diagnosis | Normal | 1 | |||
| Radiculopathy | 1.312 (0.656–2.623) | 0.443 | |||
| PSW/Fib | No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 2.971 (1.330–6.641) | 0.008 | 3.889 (1.359–11.133) | 0.011 | |
| MUAP change | Yes | 1 | |||
| No | 0.889 (0.460–1.720) | 0.727 | |||
Abbreviations: EDx, electrodiagnosis; Fib, fibrillation; HNP, herniated nucleus pulposus; MUAP, motor unit action potential; NRS, numerical rating scale; PSW, positive sharp wave; TFESI, transforaminal epidural steroid injection.