Table 3.
Studies investigating the effects of physical activity and exercise on IGF-1 in elderly subjects.
| Authors | Study Year | Sample Size | Age | Gender | Intervention | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hagberg et al. [82] | 1985 | 10 (cases versus 11 young trained subjects, 13 young sedentary subjects and 11 old trained subjects) | 60–70 y | Male | Progressive VO2max test and modified Balke protocol | No changes |
| Poehlman and Copeland [83] | 1990 | 26 (cases versus 42 young controls) | 59–76 | Male | Self-reported physical activity level | IGF-1 level correlating with leisure time physical activity (r = 0.45; p < 0.01) |
| Poehlman et al. [84] | 1994 | 18 | 66.1 ± 1.4 y | Male (n = 10) and female (n = 8) | 8 weeks of endurance training | Increase in IGF-1 level by 14% |
| Vitiello et al. [85] | 1997 | 67 | 60 y and older | Male (n = 46) and female (n = 21) | Randomized allocation to 3 d/w, 6-months endurance, stretching/flexibility groups and to 5-d/w, 6-months endurance protocol | No differences among the different experimental groups and between before and after the exercise interventions |
| Bermon et al. [86] | 1999 | 32 | 67–80 y | Male (n = 16) and female (n = 16) | Randomly allocated to habitual physical activity or to an 8-week strength training program | Increase in total and free IGF-1 levels immediately after exercise (by 17.7% and 93.8%) and at 6 hours after exercise (by 7.5% and 31.2%) |
| Bonnefoy et al. [87] | 1999 | 39 | 66–84 y | Male (n = 14) and female (n = 25) | Acute and chronic exercise (in a period of 6 months) evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire | IGF-1 levels correlated with sports activity |
| Chadan et al. [54] | 1999 | 7 | 62–69 y | Female | Four bouts of physical activity on separate occasions at either a low (heart rate = 100 bpm) or moderate intensity (heart rate = 120 bpm) for either 25 or 50 min | No differences among the different experimental conditions |
| Ravaglia et al. [88] | 2001 | 48 | 60 y and older | Male | Self-reported physical activity: active (n = 24) and inactive (n = 24) | Higher IGF-1 levels in active men |
| Borst et al. [89] | 2002 | 62 | 68.1 y | Male and female | Randomly allocated to 6-month, 3-d/w program of low-intensity or high-intensity resistance training programs | No changes |
| Dennis et al. [90] | 2008 | 16 versus 15 young controls | 72 ± 5 y | Male | Acute resistance exercise | Higher levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP5 in younger subjects, especially after acute resistance exercise |
| Tsai et al. [91] | 2015 | 48 (24 of which serving as controls) | 71.40 ± 3.79 y (65–79 y) | Male | Long-term resistance exercise | Increase in IGF-1 levels |
| Maass et al. [92] | 2016 | 40 | 60–77 | Male | Pseudo-random allocation to aerobic exercise group (indoor treadmill, n = 21) or to a control group (indoor progressive-muscle relaxation/stretching, n = 19) | No changes |
| De Gonzalo-Calvo et al. [93] | 2012 | 26 (active, n = 13, inactive, n = 13) | 65 y and older | Male | 49 ± 8 y of long-life training | Increase in IGF-1 concentration correlating with physical activity |
| Arnarson et al. [81] | 2015 | 235 | 73.7 ± 5.7 y | Male (41.8%) and female (58.2%) | 12-week resistance exercise program (3 times/w; 3 sets, 6–8 repetitions at 75–80% of the 1-repetition maximum) | Decrease in IGF-1 levels |
| Herbert et al. [23] | 2017 | 22 (cases) versus 17 (controls) | 62 ± 2 y | Male | 12 weeks of preconditioning and 6 weeks of high-intensity training | Increase compared to baseline, and compared to preconditioning Preconditioning accounted for 8% of the increase from baseline |
| Negaresh et al. [94] | 2017 | 15 versus 16 younger controls | 60 y and older | Male | 8 weeks of resistance training | No change in IGF-1 levels after training |
| Yoon et al. [95] | 2017 | 21 | 65–75 y | Female | Randomly allocated to a low-intensity resistance training with heating sheet group (n = 8), a moderate-intensity resistance training (n = 6), and a heating sheet group (n = 7), over 12 weeks | Increased IGF-1 level |
| Banitalebi et al. [74] | 2018 | 40 | 67.35 ± 1.40 y | Female | Randomized allocation to a resistance followed by endurance training (n = 12), endurance training followed by resistance training (n = 12, interval resistance-endurance training (n = 12) and a control (n = 12) groups | No differences among the groups and no difference between before and after the intervention |
| Cunha et al. [96] | 2018 | 62 (21 of which serving as controls) | 60 y and older | Female | Randomized allocation to a single set resistance training (n = 21) or multiple set resistance training (n = 20) programs, for 12 weeks using 8 exercises of 10–15 repetitions maximum for each exercise | Increase in IGF-1 levels (by 7.1% in the single set resistance training group and by 10.1% in the multiple set resistance training group) |
| Negaresh et al. [97] | 2019 | 15 | 55–70 y | Male | Whole-body progressive resistance training program 3 d/w for 8 weeks (24 sessions) | Increase in IGF-1 levels |
Abbreviations: d (day); mo (month); w (week); y (years).