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The mRNA expression levels of ir (a), irs-1 (b), irs-2 (c), akt (d), enos (e), nf-ĸb (f), and il-6 (g) in kidney tissues of Control, Fruc, Fruc + LP, and Fruc + LH groups. Data were normalized using gapdh. Each bar represents the means from at least six rats. * p < 0.05, significantly different from the control; # p < 0.05, significantly different from fructose. Fruc: Fructose; LP: L. Plantarum; LH: L. Helveticus.
