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. 2019 May 24;55(5):207. doi: 10.3390/medicina55050207

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The protein expression levels of insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) (a), protein kinase B (AKT) (b), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (c), sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) (d), and glucose transporter type-5 (GLUT5) (e) in kidney tissues of Control, Fruc, Fruc + LP, and Fruc + LH groups. The protein levels were quantified using densitometry and normalized with GAPDH. Representative Western blot images are included above the corresponding figures. Each bar represents at least six rats. * p < 0.05, significantly different from control; ^# p < 0.05, significantly different from fructose. Fruc: Fructose; LP: L. Plantarum; LH: L. Helveticus; IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate 1; AKT: protein kinase B; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; SGL2: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2.