Table 1.

Summary of studies on carvacrol or essential oils for control of plant diseases.

Pathogen	Crop/Disease	Application Method	Studies Conducted	Reference
Podosphaera xanthii fungus	Zucchini/powdery mildew	Foliar spray	In vivo	Donnarumma et al., 2015 [18]
Xanthomonas spp.; Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato bacterium	Tomato/bacterial spot; bacterial speck	Foliar spray	In vivo	Giovanale et al., 2017 [19]
Phytophthora capsici oomycete	Zucchini/crown rot	Amended in soil	In vitro and in vivo	Bi et al., 2012 [20]
Rhizoctonia solani fungus	Tomato/damping-off	Amended in soil	In vivo	Gwinn et al., 2010 [21]
Sclerotiniasclerotiorum fungus	Tomato	Amended in soil	In vitro and in vivo	Soylu et al., 2007 [22]
Ralstonia solanacearum bacterium	Tomato/bacterial wilt	Amended in soil	In vivo	Pradhanang et al., 2003 [23]
Various plant-parasitic nematodes	English boxwood	Amended in soil	In vivo	Pérez and Lewis, 2006) [24]
Meloidogyne javanica nematode	Cucumber/root-knot nematode	Amended in soil	In vitro and in vivo	Oka et al., 2000 [25]
Meloidogyne incognita nematode	Tomato/root knot nematode	Amended in soil	In vivo	Laquale et al., 2015 [26]
Rhizopus stolonifera zygomycota	Peach fruit/soft rot decay	Fumigation	In vitro and in vivo	Zhou et al., 2018 [27]
Penicillium expansum fungus	Pear fruit/blue mold	Fumigation	In vitro and in vivo	Neri et al., 2006 [28]
Penicillium spp. fungus	NA	Agar diffusion	In vitro	Scora and Scora, 1998 [29]
Escherichia coli/P. digitatum bacterium/fungus	Blueberry fruit	Coated onto fruit	In vitro and in vivo	Sun et al., 2014 [30]
Monilinia fructicola, Botrytis cinereal fungus	Apricot fruit/brown and gray mold rot	Sprayed onto fruit	In vivo	Hassani et al., 2012 [31]