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. 2019 May 13;8(5):673. doi: 10.3390/jcm8050673

Table 4.

Microorganisms and groups of organisms involved in non-hematogenous prosthetic joint infections according to time of infection after surgery (≤1 month, 2–3 months, 4–12 months, >12 months).

Microorganism or Microorganism Group PJI within 1 Month after Surgery n = 844 PJI 2-3 Months after Surgery n = 243 PJI 4-12 Months after Surgery n = 277 PJI > 12 Months after Surgery n = 619 p-Value
Total no. (%)*
Staphylococcus species

  • Coagulase-negative staphylococci

 236 (28.2) ** 107 (44) ** † 167 (60.3) † 348 (56.2) <0.001
  •   o

    Staphylococcus epidermidis

 132 (15.6) ** 68 (28) ** † 106 (38.3) † 203 (32.8) <0.001
  •   o

    Staphylococcus lugdunensis

 2 (0.2) ** 3 (1.3) ** 10 (3.6) 22 (3.6) <0.001

  • Staphylococcus aureus

 301 (35.7) 60 (24.7) 60 (21.7) 108 (17.4) <0.001
Streptococcus species 36 (4.3) ** 25 (10.3) ** 14 (5.1) 49 (7.9) <0.001
  •   o

    Streptococcus agalactiae

 8 (0.9) ** 11 (4.5) ** 6 (2.2) 10 (1.6) 0.003
  •   o

    Viridans group streptococci not identified to species level

 6 (0.7) ** 7 (2.9) ** 2 (0.7) † 18 (2.9) † 0.003
Enterococcus species 106 (12.6) 23 (9.5) 15 (5.4) 32 (5.4) <0.001
Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli 396 (46.9) ** 50 (20.6) ** † 37 (13.4) † 37 (13.4) <0.001

  • Enterobacteriaceae

 303 (35.9) ** 37 (15.2) ** † 25 (9) † 48 (7.8) <0.001
  •   o

    Escherichia coli

 129 (15.3) 12 (4.9) 10 (3.6) 21 (3.4) <0.001
  •   o

    Proteus spp.

 75 (8.9) 7 (2.9) 7 (2.5) 14 (2.3) <0.001
  •   o

    Enterobacter spp.

 73 (8.6) ** 11 (4.5) ** † 2 (0.7) † 6 (1) <0.001
  •   o

    Klebsiella spp.

 48 (5.7) 2 (0.8) 4 (1.4) 3 (0.5 <0.001

  • Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli

 138 (16.4) ** 16 (6.6) ** 11 (4) 41 (6.6) <0.001
  •   o

    Pseudomonas spp.

 128 (15.2) ** 17 (7) ** 11 (4) 35 (5.7) <0.001
Aerobic Gram-positive bacilli 16 (1.9) 3 (1.2) 7 (2.5) 23 (3.7) 0.083
Anaerobic Gram-positive bacilli 19 (2.3) ** 14 (5.7) ** 16 (5.8) 61 (9.7) <0.001

  • Cutibacterium spp.

 17 (2) ** 12 (4.9) ** 16 (5.8) 51 (8.2) <0.001
Anaerobic Gram-positive cocci 8 (0.9) 4 (1.6) 5 (1.8) 13 (2.1) 0.330
Anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli 12 (1.4) 2 (0.8) 1 (0.4) 5 (0.8) 0.409
Mycobacterium species 2 (0.2) 1 (0.9) 4 (1.4) 2 (0.3) 0.068
Fungi 8 (0.9) 3 (1.2) 3 (1.1) 12 (1.9) 0.418
Multidrug-resistant organisms 202 (23.9) 20 (8.2) 20 (7.2) 43 (6.9) <0.001

  • Methicillin-resistant S. aureus

93 (11) 14 (5.8) 14 (5.1) 30 (4.8) <0.001

  • Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli

 112 (13.3) 7 (2.5) 5 (1.8) 14 (2.3) <0.001

  • Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae

 36 (4.3) 1 (0.4) 2 (0.7) 1 (0.3) <0.001
Ciprofloxacin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli 84 (10) 5 (2.1) 4 (1.4) 11 (1.8) <0.001
Polymicrobial infections 230 (27.2) 36 (14.7) 32 (11.1) 77 (11.1) <0.001

* Percentages marked in bolded blue are the highest statistically significant percentages in that row. Two percentages marked in bolded blue in the same row with no other indication refer to the highest percentages (both are significantly higher than the other two percentages) with no statistically significant differences between them. ** and † indicate adjacent percentages with statistically significant differences between them in the same row.