Table 2.
Associations of quartiles of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake with metabolic biomarkers in ELEMENT participants during peripuberty.
| - | Associations (β a [95% Confidence Interval (CI)]) of Quartiles of SSB Intake with Adiposity and Metabolic Risk Biomarkers during Peripuberty | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls (n = 128) | ||||
| Q2 vs. Q1 | Q3 vs. Q1 | Q4 vs. Q1 | P-Trend | |
| n = 32 vs. 32 | n = 32 vs. 32 | n = 32 vs. 32 | ||
| Glycemia | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 0.02 (−5.09, 5.12) | 0.91 (−4.19, 6.00) | −0.13 (−5.23, 4.98) | 0.95 |
| Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL) | 0.12 (−0.49, 0.74) | −0.23 (−0.85, 0.38) | 0.04 (−0.57, 0.65) | 0.81 |
| CP-IR b | 0.05 (−0.14, 0.24) | −0.04 (−0.23, 0.14) | 0.04 (−0.15, 0.23) | 0.94 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | −1.33 (−6.04, 3.39) | −3.37 (−8.07, 1.34) | −0.72 (−5.43, 4.00) | 0.58 |
| Lipid Profile | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.85 (−11.77, 13.47) | 6.29 (−6.31, 18.88) | 0.14 (−12.48, 12.76) | 0.77 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 2.81 (−2.83, 8.45) | 2.42 (−3.22, 8.05) | −1.14 (−6.78, 4.50) | 0.68 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | −3.89 (−13.99, 6.20) | 3.14 (−6.93, 13.22) | −2.57 (−12.66, 7.53) | 0.98 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 9.67 (−13.30, 32.63) | 3.61 (−19.31, 26.53) | 19.24 (−3.72, 42.19) | 0.17 |
| Adiposity and Blood Pressure | ||||
| BMI z-score c | 0.11 (−0.48, 0.70) | −0.20 (−0.79, 0.39) | 0.20 (−0.39, 0.79) | 0.76 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.30 (−4.65, 5.25) | −1.33 (−6.27, 3.61) | 2.04 (−2.90, 6.99) | 0.58 |
| SS+TR (mm) | −0.37 (−5.86, 5.12) | −1.64 (−7.12, 3.84) | 1.50 (−3.99, 6.99) | 0.72 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 1.11 (−3.90, 6.13) | 1.16 (−3.81, 6.13) | 4.65 (−0.22, 9.53) | 0.07 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 0.02 (−3.61, 3.66) | 1.27 (−2.33, 4.86) | 3.08 (−0.45, 6.62) | 0.07 |
| - | Boys (n = 114) | |||
| Q2 vs. Q1 | Q3 vs. Q1 | Q4 vs. Q1 | P-Trend | |
| n = 29 vs. 29 | n = 28 vs. 29 | n = 28 vs. 29 | ||
| Glycemia | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 1.12 (−2.80, 5.03) | 1.70 (−2.27, 5.67) | 1.52 (−2.43, 5.47) | 0.42 |
| Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL) | 0.27 (−0.28, 0.83) | 0.00 (−0.57, 0.56) | 0.72 (0.16, 1.27) | 0.04 |
| CP-IR b | 0.06 (−0.06, 0.19) | 0.01 (−0.12, 0.14) | 0.17 (0.04, 0.30) | 0.03 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 0.99 (−2.27, 4.25) | 1.78 (−1.53, 5.09) | 3.78 (0.49, 7.08) | 0.02 |
| Lipid profile | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | −1.20 (−15.68, 13.28) | 3.37 (−11.32, 18.07) | −2.39 (−17.01, 12.22) | 0.90 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | −0.49 (−6.61, 5.62) | −1.24 (−7.44, 4.96) | −3.83 (−10.00, 2.34) | 0.22 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | −2.70 (−14.80, 9.41) | 2.90 (−9.39, 15.18) | 0.26 (−11.96, 12.48) | 0.76 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 9.97 (−9.76, 29.70) | 8.58 (−11.44, 28.61) | 5.89 (−14.02, 25.81) | 0.61 |
| Adiposity and blood pressure | ||||
| BMI z-score c | 0.40 (−0.21, 1.00) | 0.13 (−0.48, 0.74) | 0.55 (−0.05, 1.16) | 0.15 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 3.81 (−0.86, 8.48) | 1.69 (−3.05, 6.42) | 5.06 (0.35, 9.77) | 0.08 |
| SS+TR (mm) | 2.69 (−2.80, 8.18) | 0.83 (−4.74, 6.40) | 5.51 (−0.03, 11.06) | 0.10 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 4.18 (−0.90, 9.26) | 7.08 (2.00, 12.16) | 8.79 (3.69, 13.90) | 0.0004 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 3.88 (0.24, 7.51) | 6.18 (2.55, 9.81) | 7.10 (3.45, 10.75) | <0.0001 |
a Estimates are adjusted for child’s age and pubertal status (breast and pubic hair for girls; testicular volume and pubic hair for boys); b Calculated as [fasting serum C-peptide × fasting serum glucose]/405; c According to the WHO sex-specific growth reference for children 5–19 years of age.