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. 2019 May 10;8(5):652. doi: 10.3390/jcm8050652

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of different Petasites hybridus extracts and Ibuprofen on clinical liver function tests in cultures of human hepatocytes after daily treatment for 72 h. (A) MTT mitochondrial reductase activity. (B) LDH activity. (C) Alanine aminotransferase activity. (D) Glutamyltransferase activity. (E) Urea production. (F,G) Testosterone 16 and 2 hydroxylation activity. The data of individual donors are given normalised to the DMSO vehicle control. The Petasites hybridus extracts A, B and C are specified to 37%, <1% and 19.1% petasin, respectively. Extract C is the marketed product Petadolex^® and human hepatocyte cultures were treated at therapeutic C_max (= 60 ng/mL) and >49-fold therapeutic petasin C_max (=15 µg/mL) concentrations. Hepatocyte cultures were also treated with Paracetamol at therapeutic C_max (=Para; 20 µg/mL) concentrations and in combinations with different Petasites hybridus extracts. The data were analysed with the GraphPad Prism software version 6.05.