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. 2019 May 1;9(5):58. doi: 10.3390/membranes9050058

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Sol-gel method for preparing PV-membrane: 1. PVA Chains, 2. Silicone oil bath at 90 C, 3. Water, 4. Cold water, 5. Concentrated HCl, 6. MA, 7. TEOS-ethanol mixture, 8. Reaction mixture, 9. Filtrate, 10. Membrane film.