Figure 12.

Cross-sectional SEM micrographs of the (a) pristine, (b) 2 wt% GNPs-PEBA, and (c,d) 5 wt% GNPs-PEBA; (e) surface micrograph of 2 wt% GNPs-PEBA (after desalination); and (f) EDX result of 2 wt% GNPs-PEBA membranes. Reprinted with permission from [121]. Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V. (g) TEM image and (h) EDS spectra of the hybrid PVA-MA-silica membrane containing 20 wt% MA and 10 wt% SiO₂ with respect to PVA. Reprinted with permission from [46]. Copyright 2011 Elsevier B.V. SEM images of (i) cross-section and (j) top surface of the PAN ultrafiltration membrane and of (k) cross-section and (l) surface of PVA-PAN composite membranes [127].