. 2019 May 1;9(5):58. doi: 10.3390/membranes9050058

Table 1.

Chronological order relating to the development of pervaporative desalination by different membranes.

Year	Polymer/Composite/ NCP Membranes	Fabrication Process	Advantages	Drawbacks	Ref
1996	Sulfonated polyethylene hollow fibers	Not reported	a. Superior control of operational parameters; b. Optimized pressure drop and reduced energy for water/ air circulation c. Desalinated water is free of organic substances	a. low production rates per unit area	[41]
2005	polyetheramide-based polymer film	Yet to be disclosed	a. Utilization of renewable, non-conventional energy resources b. Simple construction, operation, and maintenance c. Utilization of dense membranes prevent wetting induced salt leakage and pore-plugging problems are anticipated not to occur	a. yet to be commercialized b. low production rates per unit area	[43]
2008	NaA zeolite	Direct hydrothermal synthesis on porous α-alumina support	a. Higher thermal, chemical and mechanical resistance b. Improved SR ^ab efficiency	higher production cost	[108]
2009	CTS ^a membranes	Two-step sol-gel catalyzed process	Maximum NaCl rejection and flux are 97% and 3 kg m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively for membrane derived from the longest carbon chain (C16) surfactant	a. unstable during desalination, as water interacted with the silanol groups and enlarged pore sizes of microporous silica film.	[109]
2010	Hydroxy sodalite membrane	Surface of a polished-alumina disk (25 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness, 80 nm top layer pore size, and 150 nm bottom layer pore size)	–	a. poor particle dispersion driven inferior polymer-inorganic interactions and structural defects in the membrane	[79]
2011	NaA zeolite	Secondary growth process, with a single-channel porous α-alumina tube applied as a support.	a. Improved thermal, chemical, and mechanical resistance b. Appreciable SR efficiency	a. higher production cost b. poor particle dispersion driven inferior polymer-inorganic interactions and structural defects in the membrane	[81]
2011	Hybrid PVA ^b/MA ^c/silica membrane	Aqueous sol-gel route	a. Crosslinking among three components resulting higher crosslinking density and better SR	–	[46]
2011	Silicalite-polyamide composite membranes	Interfacial polymerization	a. Capable to desalinate saline water of exceptionally high initial concentration at a significantly higher flux and SR	–	[110]
2011	LTA^d and MFI zeolite	Hydrothermal synthesis on the surface of an α-alumina porous support.	a. Better thermal, chemical, mechanical resistances b. Improved SR efficiency	–	[111]
2011	Templated silica	Interfacial polymerization on a commercial polysulfone substrate	–	–	[112]
2012	hydrophilic polyester tubular pervaporative membrane	grown hydrothermally on the surface of an α-alumina porous support	–	–	[102]
2012	S-1 ^e and ZSM-5 ^f membranes	Secondary growth on tubular ceramic supports	a. Mechanically stronger and durable	a. higher production cost	[55]
2012	Dense natural zeolite	Membranes were sliced as sheets from the as-mined material after a visual inspection	a. High temperature stability b. Higher thermal, chemical, mechanical resistances, along with significant SR efficiency	a. poor particle dispersion driven inferior polymer-inorganic interactions and structural defects in the membrane	[113]
2014	Cellulose triacetate membrane	Dip-coating membrane	–	–	[101]
2014	Natural zeolite clinoptilolite-phosphate composite	Dry powder pressing followed by high temperature steaming	a. Higher thermal, chemical, mechanical resistances, along with significant SR efficiency	–	[107]
2014	PVA ^b(uncrosslinked)/PAN ^g/PET ^h	Electrospraying and electrospinning	a. PAN nanofiber provided necessary mechanical strength	–	[80]
2015	MA ^c crosslinked PVA ^b/PVSF ^j hollow fiber	Direct spinning and phase inversion	a. PVSF hollow fiber provided mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and thermal stability	–	[114]
2015	Mesostructured CTAB ^k-silica membrane	–	–	–	[115]
2015	GO ^l/PAN ^g composite membrane	Vacuum filtration-assisted assembly method	a. Exfoliated distribution of GO particles	a. higher production cost b. poor particle dispersion driven inferior polymer-inorganic interactions and structural defects in the membrane	[50]
2016	GOF ^m membrane	Vacuum filtration of GOF suspension	a. Outstanding water permeability b. Preferential water adsorption ability and fast water diffusivity	a. higher production cost b. poor mechanical strength and susceptible to destruction during practical applications.	[116]
2016	GOF ^m membranes PDI ⁿ-modified α-Al₂O₃	Vacuum filtration of GOF suspension	a. Thick GO membranes equipped with enhanced mechanical stability.	–	[116]
2017	nanohybrid GO ^l/PI ^o MMMs ^p	Phase inversion in a water coagulation bath	a. higher desalination performance b. stable under harsh conditions	a. low packing density. b. higher production cost	[117]
2017	PVA ^b-SiO₂/PVSF ^j hollow fiber	Direct spinning and phase inversion	a. PVSF hollow fiber provided mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and thermal stability b. SiO₂ filler mediated crosslinks	a. complicated and time-consuming to fabricate	[118]
2017	PEBA ^q/PAN ^g/PE ^r, PEBA ^q/PSF ^s/PE ^r, PEBA ^q + NaX/PSF ^s/PE ^r	Solution mixing and casting	a. Soft and flexible segments b. High sorption of water vapor	a. yet to be scaled up and commercialized	[119]
2017	zeolite 3A/PEBA ^q	Solution mixing and casting	a. Molecular sieving effect of the zeolite 3A cages improved SR b. Better chemical resistance and higher SR efficiency	a. higher production cost	[120]
2017	GNPs ^t/PEBA ^q	Solution mixing and casting	a. superior antifouling property	–	[121]
2017	SSA ^u crosslinked PVA ^b/PAN ^g	Solution mixing and casting	a. Improved flux owing to Sulfonic acid bearing crosslinks b. PAN provided mechanical strength and thermal stability	water-soluble PVA is to be crosslinked to increase the stability in water	[122]
2017	GA ⁱ crosslinked PVA ^b/PVDF ^v	Dip coating and cast-coating.	a. Excellent storage stability, anti-fouling properties, and cleaning efficiency	a. low desalination productivity and poor operational stability with brine feeds.	[123]
2018	thin PIM-1 ^w membrane	Dispersing GO into PI through wet phase inversion method	a. PI possesses good thermal and mechanical stability, easy processing and good solubility in various common solvents	a. PI membrane was affected by polymer concentration, evaporation time and post casting annealing, substantiated by the molecular weight cut-off curve	[124]
2018	MWCNT-PVA ^x	Solution mixing and casting	Good film formability; higher hydrophilicity introduced by OH and COOH; superior antifouling property; improved SR, durability, electrical conductivity; higher adsorption and water fluxes	costly	[125]
2018	GO ^l/PI ^o hollow fiber	Direct spinning and phase inversion	–	–	[126]
2018	GO ^l/CS ^y	Solution mixing and casting	a. mechanically stable via covalent crosslinking between epoxy of GO with amine of CS	–	[114]
2018	PMDA ^z crosslinked PVA ^b/PAN ^g	Solution mixing and casting	a. PAN provided mechanical strength	–	[127]
2018	SPTA ^aa crosslinked PVA ^b/PAN ^g	Solution mixing and casting	a. Sulfonic acid containing crosslinks improved flux b. PAN provided mechanical strength	–	[128]

^a carbon template silica, ^b polyvinyl alcohol, ^c maleic acid, ^d linde type A, ^e silicalite-1, ^f Zeolite Socony Mobil–5, ^g polyacrylonitrile, ^h polyethylene terephthalate, ⁱ glutaraldehyde, ^j polyvinylsulfone, ^k cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, ^l graphene oxide, ^m graphene oxide framework, ⁿ 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, ^o polyimide, ^p mixed matrix membranes, ^q polyether block amide, ^r polyester, ^s polysulfone, ^t graphene nanoplates, ^u sulfosuccinic acid, ^v polyvinylidene difluoride, ^w polymers of intrinsic microporosity, ^x multi-walled carbon nanotubes loaded polyvinyl alcohol membranes, ^y chitosan, ^z pyromellitic dianhydride, ^aa 4-sulfophthalic acid, and ^ab salt rejection.