Table 2.
Properties of polymeric membranes and their performances in pervaporative desalination.
| Composite/NCP Membranes | Components | Tg | Thickness (μm) | Degree of Swelling (%) | Contact Angle | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PEBA a/PAN b/PE c | PEBA a, PAN b, PE c | – | 11.0 | 21.8 | 53.0 | [119] |
| PEBA a/PSF d/PE c | PEBA a, PSF d, PE c | – | – | 21.8 | 53.0 | [119] |
| PEBA a + NaX e/PSF d/PE c | PEBA a + NaX e, PSF d, PE c | – | – | 21.2 | 53.0 | [119] |
| PVA noncrosslinked TFNPVC f | PVA g, PAN b, PET h | – | 0.6 | 180.5 | 48.2 | [80] |
| PVA crosslinked TFNPVC f | PVA g, PAN b, PET h | – | 0.7 | 14.5 | 63.5 | [80] |
| S-PVA i (1:10)/PAN films | PAN b, PVA g, SPTA j | – | 0.8 | 150.0 | 46.4 ± 3.4 | [128] |
| cellulose triacetate | cellulose triacetate | – | 10.0 | – | 46.1 ± 3.0 | [101] |
| cellulose acetate | cellulose acetate | – | 20.0–25.0 | 99.7 | – | [130] |
| PE c | PE c | – | 750.0 | 60.0 | – | [102] |
| PVA g/MA k (M-1) | PVA g, MA k | 366.0–401.0 | 0.1 | – | 71.5 | [114] |
| PVA g/MA k (M-2) | PVA g, MA k | 366.0–401.0 | 0.1 | – | 65.1 | [114] |
| PVA g/MA k (M-3) | PVA g, MA k | 366.0–401.0 | 0.3 | – | 63.2 | [114] |
| PVA g/MA k (M-4) | PVA g, MA k | 366.0–401.0 | 0.4 | – | 61.1 | [114] |
| PVA g/MA k (M-5) | PVA g, MA k | 366.0–401.0 | 0.9 | – | 56.5 | [114] |
| PVA g/MA k (M-6) | PVA g, MA k | 366.0–401.0 | 1.0 | – | 52.7 | [114] |
| clinoptilolite-phosphate | MKP l, MgO | – | 1300.0 | – | – | [107] |
| CTAB m-silica | CTAB m, SiO2 | – | 0.2 | – | – | [115] |
| polyether amide | polyether amide | – | 40.0 | – | – | [43] |
| NaA zeolite membrane | NaA zeolite membrane | – | – | – | – | [81] |
| GO n/PAN b | GO n, PAN b | – | 0.1–1.4 | – | – | [50] |
| 2D MXene | Mn+1XnTx, where n=1, 2, or 3, M=early transition metal, X=C/N, and T=surface group (OH, O, or F) | – | 0.1 | – | 45.9 | [133] |
| GO n/PVA b/PVDF | 0.2 wt% GO incorporated PVA/PVDM composite | 60.0 | 100.0 | 38.2 ± 2.1 | 37.1 ± 2.3 | [134] |
| LiCl-SPVA | LiCl, SPTA, PVA | – | 33.1 | – | – | [135] |
| PEBA o | PEBA o | – | 100.0 | – | 86.0 | [120] |
| Zeolite 3A incorporated PEBA composite membrane | Zeolite 3A, PEBA o | – | 100.0 | – | 63.0–71.0 | [120] |
| CS o membrane | CS | 140.6 | 10.0–13.0 | – | 85.0 | [136] |
| CS/GO MMM p | CS, GO | 143.5–145.3 | 10.0–13.0 | – | 77.5 | [136] |
| PVA g dense film | PMDA q, PVA g | – | 2.0 | – | 42.1 | [127] |
| PVA g/PAN b composite PV membrane (M-a) | 0% of the mole concentrations of –COOH group of the hydrolyzed PMDA q, PVA g, PAN b | 75.0 | 2.0 | – | – | [127] |
| PVA g/PAN b composite PV membrane (M-b) | 5% of the mole concentrations of –COOH group of the hydrolyzed PMDA q, PVA g, PAN b | 75.0 | 2.0 | 170.5 | 42.1 | [127] |
| PVA g/PAN b composite PV membrane (M-c) | 10% of the mole concentrations of –COOH group of the hydrolyzed PMDA q, PVA g, PAN b | 75.0 | 2.0 | 110.9 | 57.4 | [127] |
| PVA g/PAN b composite PV membrane (M-d) | 20% of the mole concentrations of –COOH group of the hydrolyzed PMDA q, PVA g, PAN b | – | 2.0 | 88.0 | 55.0 | [127] |
| PVA g/PAN b composite PV membrane (M-e) | 30% of the mole concentrations of –COOH group of the hydrolyzed PMDA q, PVA g, PAN b | – | 2.0 | 90.0 | 52.5 | [127] |
| PVA g/MA k/ Silica | PVA g, MA k, Silica | – | 10.0 | 36.0 ± 5.0 | 51.5 | [100] |
| Polyether ester | Polyether ester | – | 160.0 | – | – | [137] |
| FAS r-Al2O3 s | 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane, alumina | – | 23.0 | – | – | [138] |
| FAS-TiO2 t | 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane, titania | – | 23.0 | – | – | [138] |
| CC u membrane | Cotton | – | 30.0 | 44.0 | – | [131] |
| WC v membrane | Wood | – | 30.0 | 28.0 | – | [131] |
| CDA w membrane | Cellulose diacetate | – | 3.0–5.0 | 6.5 | – | [131] |
| GFBC-10x | Bacterial cellulose | – | 240.0 | – | – | [131] |
| BC-D y | Bacterial cellulose | – | 40.0 | – | – | [131] |
| Sulfonated PE z | Sulfonated polyethylene | – | 100.0 | 25.0–36.0 | – | [41] |
| Quaternized PE z | Quaternized polyethylene | – | 70.0 | 31.5 | – | [42] |
| Quaternized PE z | Quaternized polyethylene | – | 170.0 | 36.5 | – | [42] |
| S-PVA/PAN b | SSA aa, PVA a, PAN b | 113.0 | 4.9 | 83.5 ± 5.1 | 77.1 ± 3.0 | [122] |
| PVA g | PVA g | 84.0 | 4.9 | 194.3 ± 10.7 | 44.3 ± 2.7 | [122] |
| PVA g/MAk | PVA g, 20% MA k | 94.0 | 5.0 | 61.0 ± 5.0 | 59.4 ± 2 | [139] |
| PVA g/20MA k/ 10Silica | PVA g, 20% MA k, 10% Silica | 103.0 | 5.0 | 22.0 ± 2.0 | 63.5 ± 2 | [139] |
| PVA g/20MA k/ 25Silica | PVA g, 20% MA k, 25% Silica | 107.0 | 5.0 | 11.0 ± 1.0 | 79.4 ± 2 | [139] |
| PEBA a | – | 0.1 | – | 86.0 | [121] | |
| 2GNPs ab/PEBA a | 2.0 wt% GNP, PEBA a | – | 0.1/0.2 | – | 80.0 | [121] |
| 5GNPs ab/PEBA a | 5.0 wt% GNP, PEBA a | – | 0.2 | – | 75.0 | [121] |
| 0.3MWCNT/PVA ac | 0.3 wt% MWCNT ac, PVA g | – | 100.0 | 275.0–350.0 | [100] | |
| PI ad hollow fiber | 14.6 wt% PI ad, 2.0 wt% PVP ae, 9.1 wt% EtOH, 74.3 wt% NMP af | – | 1000.0 | – | 92.0 | [126] |
| GO n/PI ad hollow fiber | 1.0 wt% GO, 14.4 wt% PI ad, 2.0 wt% PVP af, 9.0 wt% EtOH, 73.6 wt% NMP af | – | 1000.0 | – | 59.0 | [126] |
| CS o | 0.1 wt% GO n, CS o | 140.6 | – | – | 85.0 | [136] |
| 1GO n/CS o | 1.0 wt% GO n, CS o | 143.5 | – | – | 77.5 | [136] |
| 2GO n/CS o | 2.0 wt% GO n, CS o | 145.3 | – | – | 77.0 | [136] |
| PVA g-SiO2/ PVSF ag hollow fiber | 52.4:1:1:(1000-67) = C2H5OH: TEOS: PVAg:H2O (w/w) | 396.0 | 0.2–1.1 | – | – | [118] |
a poly(ether block amide), b polyacrylonitrile, c polyester, d polysulfone, e sodium halide, f three-layer thin film nanofibrous PV composite, g polyvinyl alcohol, h polyethylene terephthalate, i sulphonic acid functionalized polyvinyl alcohol, j 4-sulfophthalic acid, k maleic acid, l monopotassium phosphate, m cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-silica, n graphene oxide, o chitosan, p chitosan/graphene oxide mixed matrix membrane, q pyromellitic dianhydride, r fluoroalkylsilane-ceramic, s alumina grafted fluoroalkylsilanes-modified PV ceramic nanofiltration membranes, t titania grafted fluoroalkylsilanes-modified PV ceramic nanofiltration membranes, u cotton cellulose, v wood cellulose, w cellulose diacetate, x bacterial cellulose containing 10% residual water, y bacterial cellulose dried to constant weight, z sulfonated polyethylene hollow fibers, aa sulfosuccinic acid, ab graphene nanoplates, ac multi-walled carbon nanotubes loaded polyvinyl alcohol membranes, ad polyimide, ae polyvinylpyrrolidone, af N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, ag polyvinylsulfone, and ah tetraethylorthosilicate.