Table 3.
Performances of polymeric membranes in pervaporative desalination.
| Composite/NCP Membranes | Thickness (μm) | Feed Temperature (°C) | Feed Flow Rate (mL min−1) | Feed Concentration (ppm) | Activation Energy (kJ mol−1) | Permeate Pressure | Flux (kg m−2h−1) | Salt Rejection (%) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PVA a/20MA b/10Silica | 5 | 22 | – | – | – | 0.80 | 5.51 | >95.50 | [139] |
| PVA a/20MA b/25Silica | 5 | 22 | – | – | – | 0.80 | >3.65 | >95.50 | [139] |
| PVA a/5MA b/10Silica | 20 ± 1 | 22–65 | 30 | 2000–50,000 NaCl | 23.80–20.10 | 0.80 | 2.50–11.70 | 99.90 (max) | [100] |
| GO c/PAN d | – | 30 | – | 2000/35,000/50,000/100,000 | 22.19 | – | 16.84/14.31/13.56/ 11.23 | >99.80 | [50] |
| GO c/PAN d | 0.003–1.4 | 90 | – | 35,000 | 22.19 | – | 65.10 | >99.80 | [50] |
| PEBA e | 120 ± 5 | 65 | – | – | – | 0.50 | – | 99.12 | [121] |
| 3GNPs f/PEBA e | 72/120 ± 5/181 | 65 | – | – | – | 0.50 | 5.12/3.61/2.73 | >99.89 | [121] |
| 3GNPs f/PEBA e | 120 ± 5 | 35 | – | – | – | 0.50 | 2.58 | 99.94 | [121] |
| MWCNT-PVA g | 100 | 40 | – | NaCl (1000/1500/2000) + MgCl2 (200) + KCl (200) | – | – | – | >92.00 | [125] |
| GO c/PI h hollow fiber | 1000 | 45 | – | 35,000 sea water [Na+ (2067) K+ (323) Mg2+(872) Ca2+(247), F− (188), Cl− (3132), PO3−(1025)] | 18.76 | – | 6.40 | >99.80 [Na+ (99.90) K+ (99.80) Mg2+(99.90) Ca2+(99.90), F− (99.80), Cl− (99.90), PO3− (99.80)] | [126] |
| GO c/PI h hollow fiber | 1000 | 60 | – | Do | Do | – | 8.10 | Do | [126] |
| GO c/PI h hollow fiber | 1000 | 75 | – | 20,000/35,000/100,000 | Do | – | 17.50/11.50/4.20 | Do | [126] |
| GO c/PI h hollow fiber | 1000 | 90 | – | 35,000 sea water [Na+ (2067) K+ (323) Mg2+(872) Ca2+(247), F− (188), Cl− (3132), PO3−(1025)] | Do | – | 15.60 | Do | [126] |
| PI h | 1000 | 75 | – | Do | – | – | 1.90 | – | [126] |
| PEBA e/PAN d/PE i | – | 40/50/60 | – | 760 NaCl | – | 4.00 | >3.00/4.93/7.63 | >93.00 | [119] |
| PEBA e/PSF j/PE i | – | 50 | – | Do | – | Do | 1.24 | >93.00 | [119] |
| PEBA e+NaX/PSF j/PE i | – | 50 | – | Do | – | Do | 1.30 | >93.00 | [119] |
| PVA a(GA k crosslinked)/PAN d/PET l | – | 25 | – | 5000/35,000/50,000 | – | 0.10 | 8.53/7.36/5.81 | 99.90/99.80/99.80 | [80] |
| SPTA m crosslinked PVA a/PAN d | 0.8 (thickness of SPTA m crosslinked PVA a) | 70 | – | 35,000 NaCl | – | 0.10 | 49.30 ± 1.10 | 99.80 | [128] |
| SPTA m crosslinked PVA a/PAN d | 0.8/1.06/1.84/2.56/4.48/4.86/17.2/33/46.3/76 (thickness of SPTA m crosslinked PVA a) | 30 | – | 35,000 NaCl | – | 0.10 | 14.11/11.23/10.08/9.50/9.42/8.64/8.35/6.76/5.18/3.74 | 99.80 ± 0.10 | [128] |
| SPTA m crosslinked PVA a/PAN d | 0.8 | 30 | – | 100,000 NaCl | – | 0.10 | 7.80 ± 0.30 | [128] | |
| 20zeolite 3A/PEBA e | 100 | 40 | – | 10,000/30,000/100,000 NaCl | – | – | 3.30/3.10/1.98 | 99.63 | [120] |
| 20zeolite 3A/PEBA e | 100 | 60 | – | 30,000 NaCl | – | – | 4.33 | 99.16 | [120] |
| PEBA e | 100 | 40 | – | 30,000 NaCl | – | – | 2.07 | >99.50 | [120] |
| GO c/CS n | – | 81 | 1000 | 50,000/100,000 NaCl | 31.28 ± 1.09/ 32.95 ± 2.37 | 0.80 | 30.00/27.60 | 99.99 | [136] |
| GO c/CS n | – | 75 | 1000 | 50,000 NaCl | Do | 6.00 | 25.80 | 99.99 | [136] |
| GO c/CS n | – | 60 | 1000 | 35,000/100,000 NaCl | Do | 6.00 | 17.70/16.20 | 99.99 | [136] |
| CS n | – | 81 | 1000 | 50,000/ 100,000 NaCl | 37.94 ± 1.19/ 42.90 ± 1.93 | 6.00 | – | – | [136] |
| SSA o crosslinked PVA a/PAN d | 4.9 (SSA p crosslinked PVA a layer) | 70 | – | 35,000 | – | 0.10 | 27.90 | 99.80 | [122] |
| SSA o crosslinked PVA a/PAN d | 4.9/18.4 (SSA p crosslinked PVA a layer) | 30 | – | 35,000 | – | 0.10 | 7.90/6.40 | 99.80 | [122] |
| SSA o crosslinked PVA a/PAN d | 4.9 (SSA p crosslinked PVA a layer) | 30 | – | 100,000 | – | 0.10 | 4.50 | – | [122] |
| 20PMDA p crosslinked PVA a/PAN d | 2 (PMDA p crosslinked PVA a layer) | 70 | – | 35,000 | 23.60 | 0.10 | 32.26 | 99.98 | [127] |
| 5PMDA p crosslinked PVA a/PAN d | 2 (do) | 50 | – | 35,000 | – | 0.10 | 9.88 | 99.96 | [127] |
| 10PMDA p crosslinked PVA a/PAN d | 2 (do) | 50 | – | 35,000 | – | 0.10 | 12.32 | 99.98 | [127] |
| 20PMDA p crosslinked PVA a/PAN d | 2 (do) | 50 | – | 35,000 | – | 0.10 | 16.47 | 99.98 | [127] |
| 30PMDA p crosslinked PVA a/PAN d | 2 (do) | 50 | – | 35,000 | – | 0.10 | 16.02 | 99.98 | [127] |
| PVA a-SiO2/PVSF q hollow fiber | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 60 | – | 2000/30,000/50,000 | –/14.44/14.74 | – | 20.60 ± 0.45/10.40 ± 0.22/8.80 ±0.20 | 99.90 | [118] |
| PVA a-SiO2/PVSF q hollow fiber | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 60 | – | Do | –/15.05/16.47 | – | 19.80 ± 0.40/ 9.70 ± 0.24/7.90 ± 0.18 | 99.90 | [118] |
| PVA a-SiO2/PVSF q hollow fiber | 0.60 ± 0.05 | 60 | – | Do | –/16.63/20.05 | – | 17.20 ± 0.40/8.10 ± 0.22/6.70 ± 0.17 | 99.90 | [118] |
| PVA a-SiO2/PVSFq hollow fiber | 0.85 ± 0.07 | 60 | – | Do | –/18.52/23.49 | – | 15.30 ± 0.33/7.00 ± 0.23/5.90 ± 0.18 | 99.90 | [118] |
| PVA a-SiO2/PVSF q hollow fiber | 1.13 ± 0.11 | 60 | – | Do | –/22.01/24.48 | – | 11.90 ± 0.29/5.80 ± 0.25/4.70 ± 0.26 | 99.90 | [118] |
| MA b crosslinked PVA a/PVSF q hollow fiber | 0.10 | 71 | – | 30,000/40,000/50,000 | 25.80/25.40/25.39 | – | 4.60–7.40/–/– | 99.90 | [114] |
| MA b crosslinked PVA a/PVSF q hollow fiber | 0.14 | 71 | – | Do | 25.80/25.06/25.06 | – | Do | 99.90 | [114] |
| MA b crosslinked PVA a/PVSF q hollow fiber | 0.27 | 71 | – | Do | 24.51/24.60/24.41 | – | Do | 99.90 | [114] |
| MA b crosslinked PVA a/PVSF q hollow fiber | 0.40 | 71 | – | Do | 23.72/24.38/24.06 | – | Do | 99.90 | [114] |
| MA b crosslinked PVA a/PVSF q hollow fiber | 0.85 | 71 | – | Do | 23.80/23.62/23.51 | – | Do | 99.90 | [114] |
| MA b crosslinked PVA a/PVSF q hollow fiber | 1.03 | 71 | – | Do | 23.46/23.10/23.07 | – | Do | 99.90 | [114] |
| nonporous films of hydrated cellulose | – | – | – | – | – | 0.02 | 0.91–1.90 | 100.00 | [142] |
| CA r powder based membranes | 20–25 | 50–80 | – | 40,000, 48,000, 50,000, and 140,000 NaCl | 21.71, 19.83, 15.94, and 20.21 | – | 5.97–10.00 | 99.70 | [130] |
| cellulose triacetate | 10 | 50 | – | 100,000 | – | air sweep | 2.30 | 99.00 | [101] |
| quaternized PE i, anion exchanger | – | 45–65 | – | 0–176,000 | – | 1.50–3.00 | [42] | ||
| polyether amide | 40 | 68–70 | solar heating | 32,000 | – | cooler tunnel | 0.56 | 99.99 | [43] |
| deacetylated cellulose acetate | 22 | 70 | – | 120,000 | – | air sweep | 4.11 | 99.90 | [211] |
| cotton cellulose | 30 | 40 | – | 40,000 | – | vacuum; 0.02 | 4.55–6.70 | 100.00 | [131] |
| polyester | 750 | 20 | – | 35,000 | – | sand heating | 7.10 × 10−3 | 99.84 | [102] |
a Polyvinyl alcohol, b maleic acid, c graphene oxide, d polyacrylonitrile, e polyether block amide, f graphene nanoplates, g multi-walled carbon nanotubes loaded polyvinyl alcohol membranes, h polyimide, i polyester, j polysulfone, k glutaraldehyde, l polyethylene terephthalate, m 4-sulfophthalic acid, n chitosan, o sulfosuccinic acid, p pyromellitic dianhydride, q polyvinylsulfone, and r cellulose acetate.