Table 4.
Performances of composite/NCP inorganic membranes in pervaporative desalination.
| Composite/ NCP Inorganic Membranes | Temperature (°C) | Conditions in Feed Side | Feed Concentration (g L−1) | Conditions in Permeate Side | Membrane Thickness (μm) | Flux (kg m−2 h−1) | Rejection (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NaA zeolite membrane | 69 | – | – | – | – | 1.90 | – | [81] |
| PVA a/MA b/silica hybrid membrane | 22 | – | – | – | – | 6.93 | – | [46] |
| 2D MXene c | 65 | – | 35.00 | – | 0.06 | 4.74 | 99.50 | [133] |
| GO d/PAN e | 90 | – | 100.00 | – | 0.03–1.40 | 3.62 | 99.80 | [50] |
| GO d/PVA a/PVDF f | 65 | cross-flow velocity = 0.625 ms−1 | 100.00 | vacuum pressure ~24,000 Pa | 100.00 | 1.56 | 99.99 | [134] |
| LiCl-S-PVA g | 70 | flow rate = 0.2 ms−1 | 35.00 | pressure = 100 Pa | 33.10 | 60.80 | 99.80 | [135] |
| pristine PVA a | 20/30/40 | atmospheric pressure | 35.00 | 3000 Pa | – | 1.49/1.63/1.98 | 100.00/95.80/95.00 | [255] |
| zeolite 3A-loaded PVA | 20/30/40 | atmospheric pressure | 35.00 | 3000 Pa | – | 1.82/2.36/2.57 | 100.00/96.10/96.00 | [255] |
| PVA a/PAN e | 20 | – | 5.00 | vacuum | 0.62 | 9.04 | 99.50 | [80] |
| NaA zeolite membrane | 69 | – | Seawater | vacuum | – | 1.90 | 99.90 | [81] |
| NaA zeolite membrane | 77 | – | 29.00 | vacuum | – | 4.40 | 99.90 | [81] |
| LTA h and MFI zeolite | 25 | – | 0.13 | vacuum | 15.00 | 0.20 | 99.40 | [111] |
| NaA zeolite | 20 | – | 0.10 | vacuum | 10.00 | 1.43 | 99.83 | [108] |
| clinoptilolite-phosphate | 95 | – | 1.40 | vacuum | – | 15.00 | 95.00 | [107] |
| silica from TEOS i and MTES j | 25 | 700 kPa | 3.00 | vacuum | – | 4.70 | 93.00 | [256] |
| silica from TEOS i and MTES j | 25 | 700 kPa | 3.00 | vacuum | – | 2.20 | 99.90 | [256] |
| CTS k | 20 | – | 3.00 | vacuum | – | 3.20 | 97.00 | [109] |
| CTAB l-silica | 25 | – | 40.00 | vacuum | 0.21 | 2.60 | 99.90 | [115] |
| templated silica | 20 | – | 35.00 | vacuum | 0.50 | 3.70 | 98.50 | [112] |
| nickel oxide silica | 25 | – | 3.00 | vacuum | – | 7.00 | 99.90 | [257] |
a polyvinyl alcohol, b maleic acid, c Ti3C2Tx membranes, d graphene oxide, e polyacrylonitrile, f polyvinylidene difluoride, g 4-sulfonylphthalic acid cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol), h linde type A, i tetraethyl ortho silicate, j methyl tri-ethoxy silane, k carbon template silica, and l cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide.