Table 4.
The relationships among GWG (IOM recommendations) and selected maternal/fetal outcomes (multiple logistic regression analysis).
| Maternal/Fetal Outcomes | Inadequate GWG Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Excessive GWG Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| C-section | 0.9 (0.9–1.1) | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) ** |
| Gestational hypertension | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | 1.7 (1.0–2.7) * |
| Preeclampsia | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) * | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) |
| Gestational DM | 1.2 (0.9–1.8) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) * |
| IUGR | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) |
| Low birth weight | 2.0 (1.5–2.7) *** | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
| Macrosomia | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) *** |
GWG—gestational weight gain; OR—odds ratio; CI—confidence interval; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. Adjusted for maternal age, gestational age, maternal BMI, and smoking.