Table 2.
Prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in donkeys/mules in endemic continents and countries using different diagnostic methods (2008–2018).
| Diagnostic Technique | Year | Continent | Country | Equine Spec (Donkey/Mules) | Sample Size | Prevalence (%) (B. caballi & T. equi) |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microscopy | 2013 | Africa | Ethiopia | Donkeys | 393 | 1.8 and 12.2 | [105] |
| cELISA | 2015 | Africa | Kenya | Donkeys | 314 | 0 and 81.2 | [106] |
| 2016 | Africa | Egypt | Donkeys | 51 | 0 and 18.0 | [48] | |
| ELISA | 2014 | Asia | Thailand | Mules | 177 | 3.4 and 7.3 | [92] |
| 2016 | Asia | India | Donkeys | 20 | 0 and 80.0 | [81] | |
| 2013 | Europe | Spain | Mules | 56 | 32.1 and 66.1 | [65] | |
| 2013 | Europe | Spain | Donkeys | 53 | 17.0 and 47.2 | [65] | |
| 2012 | South America | Brazil | Donkeys | 88 | NA and 73.9 | [107] | |
| IFAT | 2013 | Africa | Ethiopia | Donkeys | 395 | 13.2 and 55.7 | [105] |
| 2016 | Africa | Egypt | Donkeys | 51 | 22.3 and 26.6 | [48] | |
| 2014 | Asia | Thailand | Mules | 177 | 2.8 and 10.7 | [92] | |
| 2015 | Europe | Italy | Donkey | 138 | 40.6 and 47.8 | [44] | |
| 2012 | South America | Brazil | Donkeys | 88 | 93.2 and NA | [107] | |
| PCR | 2016 | Africa | Egypt | Donkeys | 51 | 18 and 38.8 | [48] |
| 2014 | Asia | Thailand | Mules | 177 | 0 and 1.7 | [92] | |
| 2016 | Asia | India | Donkeys/mules | 20 | NA and 35.0 | [81] | |
| 2012 | South America | Brazil | Donkeys | 88 | 20.5 and 31.8 | [107] | |
| 2015 | Europe | Italy | Donkeys | 134 | 17.4 and 3.4 | [44] |
Abbreviations: NA—not available in the text, CFT—Compliment Fixation Test, IFAT—Indirect Florescent Antibody Test, cELISA—Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, ELISA—Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, PCR—Polymerase Chain Reaction.