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. 2019 Jun 14;10:2647. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10586-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Overview of PG recycling. a The basic building block of PG is GlcNAc-MurNAc-pentapeptide. Enzymes produced by the bacterium or the host are able to cleave every major linkage in PG. b Known PG-recycling machinery is variable with respect to the localisation of NagZ and the subsequent conversion to GlcNAc-1P or UDP-GlcNAc/MurNAc. All known MurNAc recovery systems that sustain bacterial growth (as opposed to strictly recycling e.g. P. putida) terminate at MurQ in the cytoplasm