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. 2019 Jun 14;9:8633. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44585-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Geochemical profiles and reaction rates. Sediment core 3E (A) and 4A (B) displays Left to Right: (1) Nitrate and oxygen profiles. circles represent observed concentrations and solid lines simulated model output. Note that nitrate concentrations are upscaled with a factor five relative to true values. (2) Calculated reaction rates for nitrification (yellow and red lines in 3E and 4A, respectively), denitrification (grey lines) and oxygen consumption (black stipulated lines). (3) Cell specific reaction rates estimated from bulk volumetric reaction rates divided by functional gene abundances for nitrification (yellow and red circles in 3E and 4A, respectively) and bulk oxygen respiration (open circles). Error bars indicate standard deviation from qPCR quantification of functional genes.