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. 2019 Jun 17;9:8661. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44935-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Results of initial wave experiment showing spreading depolarization (SD) starting from an equilibrium state. (a) Estimated blood oxygenation (sO₂) of two regions of interest (ROI) in the left hemisphere (see Fig. 2b). (b) Simultaneous electrocorticography (ECoG) monitoring. Data from two adjacent electrodes on the left hemisphere is shown – the other three channels on the left hemisphere and the five channels on the right hemisphere showed no change. The electrodes were placed on the lateral margins of the brain as to not interfere with hybrid photoacoustic ultrasonic (PAUS) imaging. (c–g) Absolute change in estimated sO₂ (ΔsO₂) in a region near the stimulation site (c) before potassium chloride (KCl) stimulation and (d–g) 10–80 s after stimulation. In (d–f) spreading, intensifying hypoxia is measured followed by (g) an overcompensation in sO₂.