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. 2019 Jun 17;4:14. doi: 10.1038/s41536-019-0077-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — In vitro characterization of the hTESVs after 4 weeks culture. a H&E staining shows the general hTESV morphology comprising a dense collagenous matrix and the scaffold core (scale bar: 5000 μm). b–d Magnification pictures of the hinge region b, middle of the leaflet and wall c, and tip of the leaflet d marked by the dotted rectangles in a (scale bars: 500 μm). e Immunofluorescence staining shows the presence of Collagen 3 (green) and Collagen 1 (red) fibers in the newly formed matrix (scale bars: 100 μm). f Quantitative tissue composition demonstrates the slightly higher amount of GAGs and HYP in hTESV cultured in presence of 5 ng/ml TGF-β1 (white points) in comparison with control hTESV (black points). g Sequence of the opening and closing behavior of hTESVs tested in a valve pulse duplicator system for 1 hour at pulmonary pressure conditions. h Pressure and flow values for a representative hTESV after 1 hour in vitro valve testing; in the left panel, blue and red indicate pulmonary pressure and ventricular pressure, respectively; in the right panel, red indicates flow rate over time. Dot plot graphs present mean ± standard deviation (center line and bounds of error bars, respectively)