Table 4. LOD statistics and age-matched cohort simulation summary.

Disease	Highly prevalent LODs				Cancers
	AD	T2D	Stroke	CAD	Breast	Prostate	Colorectal	Lung
Lifetime risk %	10–20	55	25–30	32–49	12	12	<4.5	<6.9
Heritability %	79–80	69	38–44	50–60	31	57(42)	40	8–18
Maximum yearly incidence %	>20	2.5	4.4	3.6	<0.5	<0.8	<0.6	<0.6
δMAF between cases and controls
Youngest cohort	0.020	0.026	0.034	0.032	0.034	0.031	0.034	0.035
Age 80 years	0.015	0.018	0.028	0.023	0.032	0.024	0.031	0.035
Age 100 years	0.014	0.019	0.028	0.023	0.032	0.023	0.029	0.036
Cases needed for 80% statistical power
Youngest cohort	1.4 × 105	8.7 × 104	5.3 × 104	6.0 × 104	5.0 × 104	6.1 × 104	4.9 × 104	4.9 × 104
Age 80 years	2.6 × 105	1.8 × 105	7.9 × 104	1.1 × 105	5.8 × 104	1.0 × 105	6.1 × 104	4.7 × 104
Age 100 years	3.0 × 105	1.7 × 105	7.3 × 104	1.1 × 105	5.9 × 104	1.1 × 105	6.9 × 104	4.5 × 104
Multiple cases needed, youngest to 80 years	1.9	2.1	1.5	1.8	1.15	1.6 (1.35)	1.25	1.0

Note:

The MAF values and cases needed for 0.8 (80%) GWAS statistical discovery power are for the common, low-effect-size alleles, scenario A. Cohorts span 10 years. The results shown are for the allele with a MAF of 0.5 and an OR of 1.15, the largest effect allele, which requires the smallest number of cases/controls. “Maximum incidence %” is the largest incidence at older age. “Case mult.” is the multiple of the number of cases needed for the 80-year-old cohort to achieve the same statistical power as the early cohort. Prostate cancer heritability is 57%, according to Hjelmborg et al. (2014). Shown in braces, 42% heritability (Grönberg, 2003), which is more in line with the other three cancers.