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Substudies 1 and 2 were the population-based exploration. Substudy 3 examined HBV replication and expression in extrahepatic tissues. anti-HBc indicates hepatitis B core antibody; cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA; CKB, China Kadoorie Biobank; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; and HBX, hepatitis B X.
