Table 3.

Sources of harm in related approaches to health and wellbeing.

Discipline	Program/intervention factors	Participant factors	Teacher/clinician factors
Psychotherapy	theoretically unsound, interferes with natural psychological processes, wrong treatment for presenting problem	symptom severity, comorbidity, poor interpersonal functioning, severe psychosocial stressors	lack of empathy, underestimating severity of client's problems, lack of clarity about process or content of therapy, other lack of competence
Pharmacotherapy	dosage, frequency of administration, pharmacodynamics	genetic profile, other drugs in body, pharmacokinetics, nonadherence	lack of knowledge of drug effects, lack of skills for encouraging adherence
Physical exercise	not tailored for individual, too intense, lack of screening or education about risks	age, health status, fitness level, physical activity	lack of general competence, lack of skills for encouraging adherence
Meditation in contemplative traditions	amount, intensity, consistency of practice; type or stage of practice	psychiatric, medical, or trauma history; goals for practice, personality, health habits, relationships	relationship with practitioner