Table 1. Cardiac and Noncardiac Metrics and Associated Definitions for Dysfunction Used in Analysis.

Function Metric	Metric	Abnormal Measure
		Men	Women
Cardiovascular function
LV structure	LV mass index, g/m2	>96.1	>83
LV systolic functiona	Ejection fraction, %	<60	<59
	Longitudinal strain, %	<−16	<−16
	Circumferential strain, %	<−23	<−23
LV diastolic functionb	Left atrial diameter, cm	>4.0	>3.7
	Left atrial volume index, mL/m2	>31	>30
	Lateral TDI e′, cm/s	<5.4	<5.1
	Septal TDI e′, cm/s	<4.6	<4.5
	Lateral E/e′ ratio	>11.5	>13.3
	Septal E/e′ ratio	>13.3	>15.1
RV function	RV fractional area change; tricuspid annular peak systolic myocardial velocity, cm/s	Dysfunction not considered	Dysfunction not considered
Systemic arterial function	Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg; pulse pressure, mm Hg; carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, cm/s	Dysfunction not considered	Dysfunction not considered
Pulmonary function	Restrictive ventilatory pattern, % predicted FVC	<80	<80
	Obstructive ventilatory pattern, FEV1/FVC ratio, %31	<70	<70
Pulmonary hypertension	Estimated PASP, mm Hgc	>32	>32
Renal function	Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min.1.73 m2	<60	<60
Hematologic function	Hemoglobin level, g/dL33	<13	<12
Lower extremity function	Lower extremity Short Physical Performance Battery score (range, 0-12)34	≤6	≤6
Upper extremity function35	BMI-based handgrip strength, kg	BMI ≤24.0; handgrip strength ≤29	BMI ≤23.0; handgrip strength ≤17
		BMI 24.1-26.0; handgrip strength ≤30	BMI 23.1-26.0; handgrip strength ≤17.3
		BMI 26.1-28.0; handgrip strength ≤30	BMI 26.1-29.0; handgrip strength ≤18
		BMI >28; handgrip strength ≤32	BMI >29.1; handgrip strength ≤21
Depression score	Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score (range, 0-22)36	≥9	≥9
Adiposity37	BMI	≥30	≥30

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); E, early mitral inflow velocity; e′, early diastolic myocardial velocity; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration; FVC, forced vital capacity; LV, left ventricle; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RV, right ventricle; TDI, tissue Doppler velocity.

SI conversion: To convert hemoglobin to g/L, multiply by 10.

^aParticipants with test results meeting the cutoff value for any 1 metric were considered to have LV systolic dysfunction.

^bParticipants with test results meeting the cutoff value for any 2 metrics were considered to have LV diastolic dysfunction.

^cAssuming a right atrial pressure of 5 mm Hg.