Table 2. Clinical Characteristics, and Metrics of Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Function by Severity of Reported Dyspnea.
| Clinical Characteristic | Dyspnea, Mean (SD) | P Value for Trenda | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Mild | Moderate to Severe | ||
| Total, No. (%) | 3169 (73.0) | 599 (13.8) | 574 (13.2) | NA |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, y | 75.4 (4.9) | 76.4 (5.0) | 77.4 (5.3) | <.001 |
| Female sex, No. (%) | 1764 (55.7) | 397 (66.3) | 372 (64.8) | <.001 |
| Black race, No. (%) | 563 (17.8) | 116 (19.4) | 169 (29.4) | <.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease and risk factors, No. (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 2459 (77.6) | 517 (86.3) | 510 (88.9) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 957 (30.2) | 224 (37.4) | 253 (44.1) | <.001 |
| Current smoker | 149 (4.7) | 35 (5.9) | 38 (6.7) | .003 |
| Former smoker | 1473 (49.7) | 281 (50.3) | 261 (49.9) | .12 |
| Coronary heart disease | 276 (8.9) | 58 (9.9) | 67 (11.9) | .002 |
| Stroke | 59 (1.9) | 19 (3.2) | 26 (4.5) | <.001 |
| Markers of heart failure, No. (%) | ||||
| Lower extremity edema | 345 (11.1) | 96 (16.2) | 122 (21.7) | <.001 |
| Diuretic use | 87 (2.8) | 38 (6.4) | 45 (7.9) | <.001 |
| NT-proBNP, median (IQR), pg/mL | 108 (58-208) | 136 (71-256) | 160 (81-318) | <.001 |
| High-sensitivity to troponin T, median (IQR), ng/L | 10.0 (7.0-14.0) | 10.0 (7.0-15.0) | 12.0 (9.0-18.0) | <.001 |
| LV structure | ||||
| Mass index, g/m2 | 77 (18) | 79 (18) | 80 (20) | <.001 |
| End-diastolic volume index, mL/m2 | 43.9 (10.2) | 42.1 (9.3) | 42.4 (9.3) | .06 |
| Mean wall thickness, cm | 0.97 (0.13) | 0.99 (0.13) | 1.01 (0.14) | <.001 |
| Relative wall thickness, cm | 0.42 (0.07) | 0.43 (0.08) | 0.44 (0.09) | <.001 |
| LV systolic function, % | ||||
| Ejection fraction | 65.8 (5.8) | 65.8 (6.4) | 65.6 (6.4) | .26 |
| Longitudinal strain | −18.2 (2.4) | −18.0 (2.5) | −17.8 (2.6) | <.001 |
| Circumferential strain | −28.0 (3.7) | −27.9 (4.1) | −27.5 (3.6) | .002 |
| LV diastolic function | ||||
| LA diameter, cm | 3.49 (0.49) | 3.52 (0.45) | 3.56 (0.54) | <.001 |
| LA volume index, mL/m2 | 25.1 (8.3) | 26.2 (7.8) | 26.4 (8.8) | .001 |
| Lateral e′, cm/s | 7.2 (2.0) | 6.9 (1.8) | 6.8 (2.1) | .05 |
| Septal e′, cm/s | 5.8 (1.5) | 5.5 (1.3) | 5.5 (1.6) | .001 |
| E/e′ lateral | 9.8 (3.6) | 10.3 (3.5) | 10.6 (4.0) | <.001 |
| E/e′ septal | 11.8 (3.9) | 12.6 (3.8) | 13.0 (4.7) | <.001 |
| Right ventricle function and pulmonary hemodynamics | ||||
| Fractional area change | 0.52 (0.08) | 0.53 (0.08) | 0.52 (0.08) | .97 |
| Tricuspid annular peak systolic myocardial velocity, cm/s | 11.9 (2.8) | 11.7 (3.0) | 11.7 (3.0) | .52 |
| Estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure, mm Hg | 27 (5) | 29 (7) | 29 (6) | <.001 |
| Systemic arterial, mean (SD) | ||||
| Systolic pressure, mm Hg | 130 (17) | 131 (19) | 131 (18) | .96 |
| Diastolic pressure, mm Hg | 67 (10) | 67 (11) | 66 (11) | .75 |
| Pulse pressure, mm Hg | 63 (14) | 64 (15) | 65 (14) | .76 |
| Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, cm/s | 1154 (337) | 1170 (293) | 1213 (348) | .37 |
| Pulmonary | ||||
| % Of predicted FEV1 | 98.3 (18.5) | 91.9 (19.1) | 89.4 (22.4) | <.001 |
| % Of predicted FVC | 99 (19) | 94 (18) | 91 (22) | <.001 |
| FEV1/FVC ratio (%) | 73.2 (7.4) | 72.9 (8.4) | 71.3 (10.0) | <.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 71.9 (15) | 69.8 (16) | 68.5 (17) | <.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.5 (1.3) | 13.3 (1.4) | 12.9 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Physical function) | ||||
| Short Physical Performance Battery score | 9.9 (2.1) | 9.4 (2.2) | 8.1 (2.8) | <.001 |
| Grip strength, kg | 30.2 (10.5) | 27.7 (9.7) | 26.9 (9.4) | <.001 |
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale score | 2.4 (2.5) | 3.5 (2.9) | 4.1 (3.3) | <.001 |
| Body mass indexb | 27.3 (4.3) | 29.2 (4.5) | 29.6 (4.9) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: E, early mitral inflow velocity; e′, early diastolic myocardial velocity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; IQR, interquartile range; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricle; NA, not applicable; NT-proBNP, N-terminal fragment of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide.
SI conversion factor: To convert hemoglobin to grams per liter, multiply by 10.
a
Adjusted P values for age, sex, and race/ethnicity to all variables, except for age, female sex, and black race. Participants did not have heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, body mass index ≥40, or estimated glomerular filtration rate <30mL/min/1.73 m2.
b
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.