Figure 1.

Summary of cellular and systemic antiviral responses that impact kidney function. A. Immune response to viral infection (viral lifecycle in red with red arrows) begins with the nonspecific but immediate innate immune system (green box and green arrows). B. The innate immune response activates the adaptive immune system (blue box and blue arrows) resulting in the development of highly specific humoral and cell-mediated antiviral responses. C,D. Acute and chronic injury (dashed arrows) and pathogenesis may result as a consequence of cell damage or death from direct viral infection or secondarily from the robust antiviral immune response. TLRs, Toll-like receptors; RLRs, RIG-I-like receptors; IFNs, interferons; ILs, interleukins.