Appendix 2.
Clinical characteristics of definite or probable opioid overdoses based on case criteria classification scheme, clinical impression and encounter documentation
| Characteristics | Case criteria classification scheme (n=154) | Clinical impression (n=150) | Encounter documentation (n=137) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intent by abstractor judgment | |||
| Accidental | 90 (58.4) | 94 (62.7) | 86 (62.8) |
| Undetermined | 41 (26.6) | 36 (24.0) | 30 (21.9) |
| Intentional/Suicide | 20 (13.0) | 20 (13.3) | 19 (13.9) |
| Not an overdose | 3 (2.0) | 0 | 2 (1.5) |
| Opioid responsible for the overdosea | |||
| Heroin | 60 (39.0) | 67 (44.7) | 61 (44.5) |
| Oxycodone | 34 (22.1) | 33 (22.0) | 30 (21.9) |
| Morphine | 20 (13.0) | 20 (13.3) | 21 (15.3) |
| Hydrocodone | 15 (9.7) | 19 (12.7) | 19 (13.9) |
| Methadone | 17 (11.0) | 15 (10.0) | 16 (11.7) |
| Other | 24 (15.6) | 24 (16.0) | 23 (16.8) |
| None | 10 (6.5) | 0 | 1 (0.7) |
| Other contributing drugs/substancesa | |||
| Benzodiazepines | 36 (23.4) | 35 (23.3) | 30 (21.9) |
| Alcohol | 25 (16.2) | 24 (16.0) | 23 (16.8) |
| Cocaine | 15 (9.7) | 13 (8.7) | 10 (7.3) |
| Marijuana | 7 (4.6) | 6 (4.0) | 5 (3.6) |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | 4 (2.6) | 5 (3.3) | 5 (3.6) |
| Others | 45 (29.2) | 34 (22.7) | 33 (23.4) |
| At least one other substance | 86 (55.8) | 77 (51.3) | 72 (52.6) |
| Outcome was death | 3 (2.0) | 3 (2.0) | 2 (1.5) |
| Highest acuity setting of care | |||
| Intensive care unit | 42 (27.3) | 31 (20.7) | 30 (21.9) |
| Inpatient | 43 (27.9) | 39 (26.0) | 35 (25.5) |
| Observation unit | 34 (22.1) | 35 (23.3) | 33 (24.1) |
| Emergency Department | 33 (21.4) | 42 (28.0) | 36 (26.3) |
| Paramedic | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) |
| Not applicable or missing | 1 (0.6) | 2 (1.3) | 2 (1.5) |
| Disposition | |||
| Discharged home | 113 (73.4) | 112 (74.7) | 103 (75.2) |
| Transfer to psychiatric unit | 14 (9.1) | 13 (8.7) | 14 (10.2) |
| Jail or Prison | 5 (3.3) | 6 (4.0) | 4 (2.9) |
| Other | 16 (10.4) | 12 (8.0) | 11 (8.0) |
| Not applicable or missing | 6 (3.9) | 7 (4.7) | 5 (3.6) |
| Referred to:a | |||
| Outpatient psychiatric services | 20 (13.0) | 21 (14.0) | 20 (14.6) |
| Outpatient substance use disorder treatment | 9 (5.8) | 11 (7.3) | 10 (7.3) |
| Patient instructed to call for: | |||
| Primary care appointment | 36 (23.4) | 32 (21.3) | 27 (19.7) |
| Outpatient psychiatric services | 6 (3.9) | 6 (4.0) | 4 (2.9) |
| Outpatient substance use disorder treatment | 20 (13.0) | 19 (12.7) | 15 (11.0) |
| Other | 13 (8.4) | 12 (8.0) | 12 (8.8) |
| Not applicable or missing | 66 (42.9) | 63 (42.0) | 61 (44.5) |
a
Patients may belong to more than 1 category