Table 1. Distribution of demographic, clinical, and nutritional characteristics in cases and controls stratified by ethnic group.
| Characteristic | Jews | Arabs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Cases (n=4,615) | Controls (n=4,000) | Cases (n=857) | Controls (n=554) | |
|
| ||||
| Age (years) | 70.1 ± 11.5 | 71.7 ± 11.3 | 61.0 ± 13.2 | 64.0 ± 13.3** |
|
| ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Males | 2429 (52.7%) | 2089 (52.2%) | 451 (52.7%) | 300 (54.2%) |
| Females | 2184 (47.3%) | 1911 (47.8%) | 404 (47.3%) | 254 (45.8%) |
|
| ||||
| Education | ||||
| ≤ 12 years | 2636 (57.4%) | 2383 (59.6%) | 754 (88.3%) | 487 (88.1%)** |
| > 12 years | 1959 (42.6%) | 1613 (40.4%) | 100 (11.7%) | 66 (11.9%) |
|
| ||||
| Sport activity | ||||
| Any | 1440 (31.4%) | 2089 (52.2%) | 125 (14.6%) | 88 (15.9%)** |
|
| ||||
| Family history for CRC (1st degree relative) | 630 (13.8%) | 354 (8.9%) | 128 (15.1%) | 32 (5.8%)* |
|
| ||||
| Body mass index (BMI) | ||||
| < 25 Kg/m2 | 1404 (32.5%) | 1378 (36.4%) | 236 (28.9%) | 172 (31.8%)* |
| 25-30 Kg/m2 | 1780 (41.2%) | 1569 (41.4%) | 329 (40.3%) | 222 (41.0%) |
| ≥ 30 Kg/m2 | 1135 (26.3%) | 842 (22.2%) | 251 (30.8%) | 147 (27.2%) |
|
| ||||
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 2700 (58.8%) | 2184 (54.6%) | 523 (61.2%) | 310 (56.1%)** |
| Former | 1528 (33.3%) | 1298 (32.5%) | 192 (22.5%) | 110 (19.9%) |
| Current | 365 (7.9%) | 515 (12.9%) | 139 (16.3%) | 133 (24.1%) |
|
| ||||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Any | 1419 (31.0%) | 1521 (38.1%) | 128 (15.0%) | 74 (13.4%)** |
|
| ||||
| Aspirin use (daily low dose at least one year) | 1048 (22.9%) | 1352 (33.9%) | 190 (22.2%) | 174 (31.4%) |
|
| ||||
| Vegetables consumption | ||||
| ≥ 3 servings/wk | 3547 (88.9%) | 3983 (86.3%) | 775 (90.4%) | 515 (93.0%)* |
|
| ||||
| Fruits consumption | ||||
| ≥ 3 servings/wk | 1499 (32.6%) | 1611 (40.3%) | 196 (23.0%) | 129 (23.3%)** |
|
| ||||
| Energy intake (Kcal/day) | 1704 ± 561 | 1738 ± 517 | 1843 ± 581 | 1794 ± 576** |
|
| ||||
| Fibers intake (gr/day) | 14.2 ± 6.3 | 15.6 ± 6.4 | 12.7 ± 5.3 | 13.3 ± 6.5** |
|
| ||||
| Calcium intake (mg/day) | 742 ± 313 | 757 ± 303 | 675 ± 278 | 649 ± 277** |
|
| ||||
| Vitamin D intake (mcg/day) | 2.8 ± 1.4 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 2.5 ± 1.4** |
|
| ||||
| Folate intake (mcg/d) | 263 ± 106 | 267 ± 101 | 278 ± 92 | 280 ± 96* |
*
P < 0.05 for comparison between Jewish controls and Arab controls
**
P < 0.001 for comparison between Jewish controls and Arab controls