Fig. 3.

In some Ophrys species (here O. speculum), the position above ground is under selection. In this experiment, three plants with a flower at different height (5–15 cm) were presented in different swarming areas of males of the pollinator wasp Dasyscolia ciliata (Hymenoptera, Scoliidae) and the numbers of pseudocopulations on these flowers counted within 150 min. The flowers near the ground (5 cm) were much preferred (modified from Paulus and Gack 1981, Paulus 2006). Experiments in South Spain near Torremolinos in the years 1976–1981