Fig. 4.

Pollination success in Ophrys speculum depending on the position of flowers above ground as indicated by the number of fruiting capsules (blue bars). Observations in Mallorca and Tunesia in 1997–2001 (Paulus and Ettenauer, unpublished) (n = 234 flowers of 67 plants). The flowers nearest to the ground had the most pollination success. It means that from 84 flowers in about 5 cm height 35.8% had thickened fruit capsules. This is also reflected by the numbers of massulae attached to the stigmata (orange bars) and deposited by males carrying pollinaria (n = 98 flower stigmata). aDasyscolia ciliata males during pseudocopulation with an Ophrys speculum flower (Mallorca 7.4.2009 fot. H.Paulus). b Flower stigma pollinated with many massulae by pseudocopulating males. c After successful pollination fruit capsules contain about 120,000 seeds

(modified from Paulus 2007)