Fig. 6.

A typical learning experiment with single flowers of Ophrys heldreichii from Crete and its pollinator males, the long-horned solitary bee Eucera berlandi (Apidae s.str., Eucerini). The flower was presented in a swarm area of female seeking male bees. About 10–15 males are flying within such a territory mixed with some non-territorial males which patrol from territory to territory. The number of the males’ pseudocopulation efforts was counted for 10-min intervals. After 15–20 min, a different flower from another plant was offered. After 10–15 min, the males did not further land or even approach the flower. They recognize each flower individually. Flower 1, which was again presented after 30 min, was visited by one male only. However, the males promptly react again when a new flower, not seen before, is presented