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. 2018 Aug 23;34(8):1349–1367. doi: 10.1007/s00467-018-4042-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 3 — The functions of properdin in the alternative pathway. The interactions of properdin, depicted in its trimer form, with C3 convertases (C3bBb) and a surface are displayed. (A) Properdin as a stabilizer of preformed convertases on a surface. (B, C) Properdin as a platform for convertase formation after initial C3-mediated binding (B) or as a pattern recognition molecule by directly recognizing target surface structures (e.g., glycosaminoglycans and exposed DNA) and subsequently recruiting convertase components (C3bBb, C3bB, or C3b and FB)