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. 2019 Jun 11;13:114. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00114

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Copyright © 2019 Pinna.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Representation of the main PTSD phenotypes in socially isolated mice. The figure shows the phenotypes in socially isolated mice that recapitulate to deficits in PTSD patients. The circles at the top of the figure show the behavioral phenotype of socially isolated mice that includes aggression, impaired fear memory, impulsivity and anxiety, which are all core behavioral symptoms of PTSD. In the center of the figure are reported the abnormalities in GABA_A receptors and neurosteroid levels. The last circles at the bottom report the altered pharmacological response to benzodiazepines that has been reported both in socially isolated mice and in humans with PTSD. Allo, allopregnanolone; PA, pregnanolone; 5α-RI, 5α-reductase type I.