Table 3.
Methods used for SE description from initial cell to regenerated plants.
| Species | Initial cells | Cell aggregates | Stage of somatic embryo | Regenerants | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| globular and heart | cotyloedonary | |||||
| C. erythreae | Histology | n/a | Histology | Macrophotography | n/a | Barešová and Kaminek, 1984 |
| G. cruciata | Cyto-morphology, TEM, SEM | TEM, SEM | Cyto-morphology, TEM, SEM | Cyto-morphology, SEM | metAFLP | Mikuła et al., 2001, 2002b, 2005a, 2011a |
| G. decumbens | Cytology | Cyto-morphology | Cyto-morphology | FCM, chromosome counting | Tomiczak et al., 2015b | |
| G. kurroo | Cytology, Cyto-morphology, SEM | Cyto-morphology, macrophotography | Cytomorphology Macrophotography | Cyto-morphology Macrophotography, SEM | FCM, chromosome counting, metAFLP | Fiuk and Rybczyński, 2007, 2008b,c; Gamborg et al., 1968; Rybczyński et al., 2007; Mikuła et al., 2011b; Wójcik and Rybczyński, 2015; Tomiczak et al., 2016 |
| G. lutea | n/a | n/a | Histology, macrophotography, | FCM | Holobiuc and Blîndu, 2008; Holobiuc, 2015 | |
| G. macrophylla | Macrophotography | Macrophotography | Macrophotography | HPLC, LC-MS, TLC, ESI-MS | Chen et al., 2009 | |
| G. pannonica | n/a | n/a | Macrophotography | FCM | Mikuła et al., 2002a; Fiuk and Rybczyński, 2008b; Fiuk et al., 2011 | |
| G. pneumonanthe | Cyto-morphology | Macrophotography | Macrophotography | FCM | Bach and Pawłowska, 2003 | |
| G. straminea | Cyto-morphology | Histology, macrophotography | Histology, macrophotography | Chromosome counting HPLC, RAPD | Cai et al., 2009; He et al., 2011 | |
| G. tibetica | Cyto-morphology | SEM | Cyto-morphology, macrophotography | Macrophotography | FCM, HPLC-RP, metAFLP | Mikuła et al., 1996, 2005b; Mikuła and Rybczyński, 2001; Fiuk and Rybczyński, 2008b; Tomiczak et al., 2016 |
| G. triflora | n/a | n/a | Macrophotography | ISSR, FCM, chromosome counting | Doi et al., 2010; Doi and Takahata, 2015 | |
| G. kurroo (+) G. cruciata; G. cruciata (+) G. tibetica | Cytology | n/a | Cyto-morphology | FCM, chromosome counting, AFLP, ISSR, cpDNA analysis with CAPS | Tomiczak et al., 2015a, 2017 | |
| S. chirata | n/a | n/a | Macrophotography | Chromosome counting | Jha et al., 2011 | |
CAPS, Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence; ESI-MS, Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectroscopy; FCM, Flow Cytometry; HPLC, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography; HPLC-RP, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Reversed Phase; ISSR, Inter Simple Sequence Repeat; LC-MS, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy; metAFLP, met-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism; RAPD, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA; n/a, not applicable; TEM, Transmission Electron Microscopy; TLC, Thin Layer Chromatography; SEM, Scanning Electron Microscopy.