Table 1.

Example team role taxonomies.

Source	Description	Dimensions
Bales, 1950	Task roles Socioemotional roles	• Asking for/giving orientation, opinion, suggestions • Positive – show solidarity, tension release, agrees, negative – antagonism, tension, disagrees
Benne and Sheats, 1948	Task roles Group building/ maintenance roles Individual roles	• Initiator-contributor, information seeker, opinion seeker, information giver, opinion giver, elaborator, coordinator, orienter, evaluator-critic, energizer, procedural technician, recorder • Encourager, harmonizer, compromiser, gate-keeper, standard setter, group-observer, follower • Aggressor, blocker, recognition-seeker, self-confessor, playboy, dominator, help-seeker, special interest pleader
Belbin, 1993	No specification	• Completer-finisher, implementer, specialist, monitor-evaluator, coordinator, plant, shaper, resource investigator • Team worker
Mumford et al., 2006	Task roles Social roles	• Contractor (organize, coordinate), creator (promote innovative approaches), contributor (provides pertinent information), completer (foster task completion) critic (promote open discussion of potential issues) • Communicator (promote healthy social environment/collaboration), cooperator (conforms to others expectations), calibrator (observe/change team social processes), consul (gather information from outside sources), coordinator (coordinates team efforts with outside)
Mathieu et al., 2015	Task roles Socio-emotional roles Change-orientated roles	• Organizer, doer, challenger, innovator • Team builder, connector • Challenger, innovator
Driskell et al., 2017	Focus on dimensions which underly all roles in varying degrees	• Dominance • Sociability • Task orientation