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. 2019 Jun 11;9:179. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00179

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Copyright © 2019 Pflughoeft, Mash, Hasenkampf, Jacobs, Tardo, Magee, Song, LaBaer, Philipp, Embers and AuCoin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Multiplatform Approach for Microbial Biomarker Identification—Microbial biomarkers were directly or indirectly identified from samples collected from an infected host, in the case of this study, a macaque model of infection. Techniques used for direct detection of microbial biomarkers included mass spectrometry (MS) of concentrated or enriched samples and protein array. Indirect detection included the InMAD strategy coupled with protein array and immunoprecipitation-coupled MS. Identified biomarkers were categorized based upon the number of times each was identified by either direct or indirect analysis. The image of the mass spectometer was copied from the thermo website (https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/ULTIM3000RSLCNANO).