Figure 6.

Cranial anatomy and anatomical networks featuring the fifth evolutionary stage. (A) Skull of the marsupial mammal Monodelphis in lateral view (modified from Wible, 2003). (B) Otic region of the marsupial mammal Monodelphis in ventral view (modified from Wible, 2003). (C) Middle ear bones of the marsupial mammal Monodelphis (left; modified from Luo, 2001), and the haramiyidan mammal Arboroharamiya (right; modified from Han et al., 2017). (D) Anatomical network of the haramiyidan mammal Arboroharamiya. (E) Anatomical network of the monotreme mammal Ornithorhynchus. Golden areas in the anatomical networks represent the otic modules. Nomenclature of abbreviations, colors and shape of nodes indicated in Fig. 2.