Table 3.
Participant characteristics by financial incentive arm among those who enrolled (N = 989).
| Characteristic | Constant (n = 193) | Increasing (n = 194) | U-shaped (n = 207) | Surprise (n = 205) | Self-Select (n = 190) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (±SD) | 59.6 (±7.5) | 61.1 (±7.6) | 59.9 (±7.5) | 59.9 (±7.6) | 59.7 (±7.3) |
| Gender | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| Female | 134 (69.4) | 128 (66.0) | 130 (62.8) | 135 (65.9) | 127 (66.8) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||
| White | 165 (85.5) | 159 (82.4) | 172 (83.1) | 170 (82.9) | 165 (86.8) |
| Black | 8 (4.1) | 17 (8.8) | 13 (6.3) | 12 (5.9) | 8 (4.2) |
| Hispanic | 11 (5.7) | 9 (4.7) | 10 (4.8) | 9 (4.4) | 9 (4.7) |
| Other | 9 (4.7) | 8 (4.1) | 12 (5.8) | 14 (6.8) | 8 (4.2) |
| Employment | |||||
| Employed | 85 (46.2) | 79 (43.4) | 89 (44.7) | 88 (45.1) | 87 (48.9) |
| Gross household income | |||||
| $39,999 | 65 (35.1) | 67 (35.8) | 80 (40.4) | 67 (33.7) | 63 (35.8) |
| $40,000–74,999 | 53 (28.6) | 67 (35.8) | 64 (32.3) | 64 (32.2) | 61 (34.7) |
| $75,000 | 67 (36.2) | 53 (28.3) | 54 (27.3) | 68 (34.2) | 52 (29.5) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 104 (53.9) | 100 (51.5) | 109 (52.7) | 104 (50.7) | 102 (53.7) |
| Education completed | |||||
| College or beyond | 87 (45.5) | 81 (42.4) | 91 (44.4) | 108 (53.7) | 79 (42.0) |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Cancer | 15 (7.8) | 13 (6.7) | 8 (3.9) | 15 (7.3) | 13 (6.8) |
| Cardiac disease | 14 (7.3) | 20 (10.3) | 15 (7.2) | 12 (5.9) | 13 (6.8) |
| Kidney disease | 6 (3.1) | 9 (4.6) | 6 (2.9) | 6 (2.9) | 5 (2.6) |
| Liver disease | 4 (2.1) | 3 (1.5) | 8 (3.9) | 3 (1.5) | 1 (0.5) |
| Lung disease | 5 (2.6) | 10 (5.2) | 19 (9.2) | 8 (3.9) | 8 (4.2) |
| Mental health disorder | 15 (7.8) | 13 (6.7) | 18 (8.7) | 13 (6.3) | 18 (9.5) |
| Neurologic disease | 6 (3.1) | 12 (6.2) | 9 (4.3) | 6 (2.9) | 12 (6.3) |
| Serious illness experience | |||||
| ICU patient | 7 (3.6) | 18 (9.3) | 17 (8.2) | 15 (7.3) | 14 (7.4) |
| ICU visitor | 110 (57.0) | 119 (61.3) | 117 (56.5) | 118 (57.8) | 113 (59.5) |
| Death of loved one | 139 (72.0) | 154 (79.4) | 144 (69.6) | 143 (69.8) | 142 (74.7) |