Table 3.
Target health outcomes.
| Reference | Target health outcomes | Documented reliable and valid health measures? | Mental (M) and/or Physical (P) health | Subjective (S) and/or more objective (O) health measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almedom (2005) | Mental disorders and mental ill-health | Yes | M | S & O |
| Alvarez et al. (2017) | Self-rated health, psychosomatic health, mental health, depression, global health ratings, drug use, developmental skills, robust mental health | No | M & P | S |
| Carlson and Chamberlain (2003) | Self-rated health, mortality | No | P | S & O |
| Choi et al. (2014) | All-cause mortality, cardio-vascular disease, cancer | No | P | O |
| Coll-Planas et al. (2017) | Self-perceived health, depression, anxiety, mortality General health, physical health, mental health | Yes | M & P | S & O |
| De Silva et al. (2005) | Mental disorder | Yes | M | S |
| Ehsan and De Silva (2015) | Common mental disorder | Yes | M | S & O |
| Flores et al., (2018) | Mental or behavioral disorder, depressive and anxiety symptoms, mental wellbeing, self-rated mental health | Yes | M | S |
| Gilbert et al. (2013) | Self-rated health, all-cause mortality | No | P | S & O |
| Hu et al. (2014) | Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (COPD), diabetes | Yes | P | O |
| Islam et al. (2006) | Mortality, any health status: self-rated health, chronic health conditions, STDs, HIV/AIDS, BMI, psychiatric morbidity, psychological distress, CHD | No | M & P | S & O |
| Khazaeian et al. (2017) | Mental and physical health (e.g., general health, depression, social health) | Yes | M & P | S |
| McPherson et al. (2014) | Mental and behavioral health (self esteem, internalizing behaviors, e.g., depression/anxiety, externalizing behaviors, e.g., aggression) | No | M | S |
| McPherson et al. (2013) | Mental health and wellbeing (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, developmental and behavioral problems, psychological and social wellbeing) | No | M | S |
| Murayama et al. (2012) | Mortality, self-rated health, depression, hospitalizations | No | M & P | S & O |
| Nyqvist et al. (2014) | All-cause mortality | No | P | O |
| Ransome et al. (2018) | HIV/AIDS (diagnosis, treatment, incident in population, perceived risk mediators) | Yes | P | S & O |
| Uphoff et al. (2013) | Self-rated health (most frequently), premature mortality, hypertension, obesity, symptoms of mental illness, mental disorders, smoking and substance abuse, longstanding illness | No | M & P | S & O |
| Villalonga-Olives and Kawachi (2017) | Broad range of health outcomes (e.g., self-rated health, mental health, depression, drug use, health-care use, use of psychiatric medication, physical health) | No | M & P | S & O |
| Villalonga-Olives et al. (2018) | Broad range of health outcomes (e.g., self-rated health, health-related quality of life, depressive, anxiety and posttraumatic symptoms, depressive or anxiolytic treatment, use of health services, physical and psychological functioning, bone densitometry) | No | M & P | S & O |
Notes: I–C (individual level cognitive); I–S (individual structural); I-mixed (individual mixed SC); E-C (ecological cognitive); E-S (ecological structural); E-mixed (ecological mixed SC); no indication = mixed SC.
++ → strong evidence that SC is associated with better health/less illness; + → some evidence that SC is associated with better health/less illness; - → evidence that SC is associated with worse health outcomes/more illness; n.s. → non-significant findings.