Table 3.

Studies about antibiotics and immunotherapy

	Research subjects	Tumor type	Patients No.	Research conclusion	Ref.
1	Patients	NSCLC/RCC/urothelial carcinoma	249	ATB use presents a predictor of resistance to ICI	Routy et al[44], 2018
	Mice	Sarcoma/melanoma
2	Patients	NSCLC	74	ATB use does not affect the efficacy of nivolumab	Kaderbhai et al[43], 2017
3	Patients	RCC/NSCLC	360	ATB use reduces clinical benefit from ICI	Derosa et al[45], 2018
4	Mice	Lymphoma/colon cancer/melanoma		ATB treated mice respond poorly to CpG-oligonucleotide	Lida et al[42], 2013
5	Mice			ATB mice are resistant to cyclophosphamide	Viaud et al[41], 2013

ATB: Antibiotics; ICI: Immune checkpoint inhibitor.