Table 3.

A summary of molecular biomarkers for pancreatic cysts types

Pancreatic cyst type	Molecular biomarkers
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm	KRAS, GNAS, RNF43 positive[22,24,29,34,37]
	Advanced neoplasia: TP53, SMAD4, PIK3CA, PTEN, CDKN2A, AKT1, p16, p53 positive[30-34,38,39]
Mucinous cystic neoplasm	KRAS, RNF3 positive[22,24,29,34,37]
	GNAS negative[24,28,29]
	Advanced neoplasia: TP53, SMAD4, PIK3CA, PTEN, CDKN2A, AKT1 positive[30-34]
Serious cystadenoma	VHL positive[22,24,28]
Solid papillary neoplasm	CTNNB1 positive[22,24]
Pseudocyst	Negative for DNA
Cystic neuroendocrine tumor	Not well described