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Relationship between changes in central venous pressure (ΔCVP) and cardiac output (ΔCO) in response to muscle metaboreflex activation under intrinsic heart rate (HR) and contractility responses (circles), constant HR by rapid ventricular pacing (triangles), and pacing plus β1-blockade (squares); in control (white symbols) and heart failure (black symbols) conditions. Line and equation are the results of linear regression analysis, N = 5.
