Table 1.

Hind limb blood flow

	Rest	Ex	MMA
Control
Normal	0.63 ± 0.07	1.23 ± 0.08	0.39 ± 0.08
Paced	0.67 ± 0.06	1.28 ± 0.11	0.35 ± 0.02
Paced + atenolol	0.55 ± 0.05	1.07 ± 0.07	0.27 ± 0.02
Heart Failure
Normal	0.50 ± 0.06	0.98 ± 0.07	0.44 ± 0.03
Paced	0.45 ± 0.07	0.98 ± 0.13	0.46 ± 0.04
Paced + atenolol	0.30 ± 0.03	0.62 ± 0.06	0.34 ± 0.02

Hind limb blood flow (HLBF; l/min ± SE) during rest, mild exercise (Ex), and muscle metaboreflex activation (MMA) in control and heart failure conditions under normal heart rate (HR) and contractility responses, constant HR by rapid ventricular pacing (paced), and constant HR in association with limited contractility by pacing plus β₁-blockade (paced plus atenolol). Significant main effect of setting (rest, Ex, MMA) and significant main effect of treatment (no treatment, paced, paced + atenolol). P < 0.05, N = 5.